Plants Forms and Functions | Jamb(UTME) Agriculture

Plant Forms and Functions

1. Plants are multicellular organisms that undergo photosynthesis to produce energy.
2. The main functions of plants include photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and reproduction.
3. The plant body consists of two main systems: the root system and the shoot system.
4. The root system anchors the plant in the soil and absorbs water and nutrients.
5. The shoot system consists of stems, leaves, and reproductive organs (flowers, fruits).
6. Stems support the plant and transport water, nutrients, and sugars between roots and leaves.
7. Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis and gas exchange.
8. Plants perform respiration to convert stored energy into usable energy for growth.
9. Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through stomata.
10. Reproductive organs such as flowers and fruits facilitate plant reproduction by producing seeds.
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Parts of Monocot Crop

11. Monocots are plants that have one cotyledon (seed leaf) in their seed.
12. The root system in monocots is fibrous, with numerous thin roots emerging from the base.
13. Monocot leaves typically have parallel veins.
14. The vascular bundles in monocot stems are scattered and not arranged in a circle.
15. Monocot flowers typically have floral parts in multiples of three (e.g., 3 petals, 3 sepals).
16. Common monocot crops include corn, rice, wheat, and grasses.
17. The stem of monocots does not grow in width due to the lack of secondary growth.
18. The xylem and phloem in monocot plants are usually arranged in discrete bundles.
19. The leaf structure of monocots typically includes a single layer of mesophyll tissue.
20. Monocots tend to have shorter life cycles compared to dicots, many being annual plants.
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Parts of Dicot Crop

21. Dicots are plants with two cotyledons (seed leaves) in their seeds.
22. Dicot roots are typically taproots, where one main root grows larger than the rest.
23. Dicot leaves often have a reticulate (net-like) venation pattern.
24. In dicots, the vascular bundles are arranged in a circle in the stem.
25. Dicot flowers usually have floral parts in multiples of four or five.
26. Common dicot crops include beans, tomatoes, and sunflowers.
27. The stem of dicots grows in thickness through secondary growth, which includes the formation of bark.
28. The xylem and phloem in dicots are typically arranged in a ring in the stem.
29. Dicots have two layers of mesophyll tissue in their leaves: palisade and spongy mesophyll.
30. Many dicots are perennials, meaning they live for more than two years.
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Plants and Their Functions

31. Plants carry out photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.
32. Photosynthesis occurs mainly in the chloroplasts of plant cells, primarily in the leaves.
33. Respiration in plants allows them to convert stored sugars into energy for growth and maintenance.
34. Transpiration helps in nutrient uptake, cooling the plant, and maintaining water balance.
35. Plants reproduce sexually through the formation of seeds or asexually through methods like cloning.
36. Some plants also engage in nitrogen fixation, which enriches the soil with nitrogen for other organisms.
37. Roots absorb water and essential minerals from the soil for the plant's growth.
38. The stem supports the plant, transports water, and serves as the growth axis.
39. Flowers facilitate sexual reproduction by attracting pollinators and producing seeds.
40. Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal through various mechanisms like wind, water, or animals.
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Anatomy and Morphology of Storage Organs of Common Crop Plants

41. Storage organs are plant structures that store nutrients and energy, primarily in the form of starch.
42. The most common storage organs include roots, stems, leaves, and seeds.
43. Root storage organs, like tubers (e.g., potatoes) and carrots, store carbohydrates.
44. Stem storage organs, such as tubers (e.g., potatoes) or rhizomes (e.g., ginger), store starches and sugars.
45. Leaves in some plants, like cabbage, act as storage organs for nutrients during periods of dormancy.
46. Seeds serve as storage organs for both nutrients and energy required for germination.
47. The anatomy of a root storage organ includes a dense layer of parenchyma cells storing starch and water.
48. In tuber storage organs, the vascular tissue is typically reduced, and the parenchyma cells are modified for storage.
49. Rhizomes are underground stems that store starches and can also function in vegetative reproduction.
50. Corms, like in gladiolus, are another form of storage organ where the stem is modified for storing starch.
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Identify Crop Plant Parts and Their Functions

51. The root anchors the plant in the soil and absorbs water and minerals.
52. The stem supports the plant and transports water, nutrients, and sugars.
53. Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange through stomata.
54. Flowers are reproductive organs that contain the structures necessary for fertilization and seed production.
55. Fruits protect seeds and help in their dispersal through various mechanisms.
56. Seeds contain the embryo and the necessary nutrients for the plant's initial growth.
57. The flower’s stigma receives pollen, which is necessary for fertilization.
58. The anther of a flower produces pollen, which contains male gametes.
59. The ovary of a flower contains ovules, which develop into seeds after fertilization.
60. Chloroplasts in the leaves convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
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Distinguish Between Monocot and Dicot Crop Plants

61. Monocots have one cotyledon, while dicots have two cotyledons.
62. The vascular bundles in monocots are scattered, while dicots have vascular bundles arranged in a circle.
63. Monocot flowers typically have parts in multiples of three, while dicot flowers have parts in multiples of four or five.
64. Monocots have parallel leaf venation, while dicots have reticulate leaf venation.
65. Monocot roots are fibrous, whereas dicot roots are usually taproots.
66. Monocots lack secondary growth, while dicots may undergo secondary growth to increase stem thickness.
67. Monocots typically have a shorter lifespan, being annuals, while many dicots are perennials.
68. The vascular tissue in monocots is more evenly distributed, while dicots have a central vascular cylinder.
69. Monocots typically do not undergo cambial growth, whereas dicots may have cambial growth for thickening.
70. Common monocots include grasses, corn, and lilies, while common dicots include sunflowers, beans, and roses.
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Identify Various Storage Organs of Crop Plants

71. Roots serve as storage organs in plants like carrots, turnips, and sweet potatoes.
72. Tubers, such as potatoes, act as storage organs, storing starch and sugars.
73. Rhizomes, like those in ginger, are underground stems that store food and water.
74. Bulbs, like in onions and garlic, store energy for regrowth.
75. Seeds store nutrients for the embryo during germination and early growth.
76. Corms, like those in gladiolus and taro, store starch and water in their swollen stem bases.
77. The stem of sugarcane stores sugars in the form of sucrose.
78. Leaves of certain plants, like cabbage, may serve as temporary storage during dormant periods.
79. Pods, like in peas, store seeds that are ready for germination.
80. The fleshy part of a fruit, such as in apples or peaches, may store sugars and water.
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Comparing Monocot and Dicot Crops

81. Monocots typically have parallel-veined leaves, while dicots have net-veined leaves.
82. Monocots tend to have fibrous roots, whereas dicots typically develop a single, dominant taproot.
83. Monocots are generally herbaceous and do not undergo secondary thickening in the stem, while dicots may form woody structures.
84. Monocots tend to have smaller flowers with parts in multiples of three, whereas dicots have larger flowers in multiples of four or five.
85. The stem in monocots lacks a cambium layer, making it incapable of secondary growth, while dicots often exhibit cambial growth for thicker stems.
86. In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, while dicots have vascular bundles in a ring.
87. The primary storage organ in monocots is often the seed or corm, while in dicots, it is typically the root or tuber.
88. Monocots are often more drought-tolerant due to their fibrous root system, while dicots can be better adapted to moisture retention with their taproots.
89. The seed of monocots typically contains only one cotyledon, while dicot seeds contain two cotyledons.
90. Monocots are generally faster growing and are often annuals, whereas dicots may be perennials and have slower growth rates.
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Parts of Monocot and Dicot Crops

91. The seed coat protects the embryo in both monocots and dicots, but it has a different structure in each.
92. In monocots, the endosperm stores nutrients for the developing seedling, whereas dicots have stored nutrients in their cotyledons.
93. The cotyledon of a monocot is thin and narrow, while in dicots, the cotyledon is broad and thick.
94. The stem of a monocot is usually hollow or has reduced vascular tissue compared to a dicot, which has a more complex stem structure.
95. In monocots, the leaves are long and linear with parallel venation, whereas dicot leaves are usually wider with reticulate venation.
96. The root system of monocots is shallow and spread out, while dicots typically have deeper, more centralized roots.
97. Monocots typically have flower parts in multiples of three (petals, sepals), whereas dicots have parts in multiples of four or five.
98. The xylem and phloem in monocot stems are scattered in discrete bundles, while in dicots, they are organized in a circular arrangement.
99. Flowers of monocots are typically smaller and simpler compared to the more complex flowers of dicots.
100. In monocots, the vascular bundles are usually composed of one large xylem vessel and several smaller phloem vessels, whereas dicot vascular bundles are larger and more organized.

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