Humans and Environment | Jamb Biology

Jamb(UTME) tutorial on diseases; Pollution and its control

Diseases and Endemic Diseases

Common Endemic Diseases

1. Malaria: Caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.
2. Meningitis: Bacterial or viral infection affecting the brain and spinal cord membranes.
3. Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm): Caused by drinking water containing water fleas infected with Dracunculus larvae.
4. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Caused by parasitic worms transmitted through freshwater snails.
5. Onchocerciasis (River Blindness): Caused by Onchocerca volvulus worms transmitted by blackflies.
6. Typhoid Fever: Bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi through contaminated food or water.
7. Cholera: Caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria in contaminated water or food.
   
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Ecological Conditions Favoring Spread

8. Malaria: Warm temperatures, stagnant water, and poor sanitation.
9. Meningitis: Crowded conditions, dry season, and poor ventilation.
10. Dracunculiasis: Lack of clean drinking water in rural areas.
11. Schistosomiasis: Presence of freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes.
12. Onchocerciasis: Fast-flowing rivers and streams where blackflies breed.
13. Typhoid Fever: Contaminated drinking water and poor hygiene.
14. Cholera: Floods, poor sanitation, and lack of clean water.
15. Prevention: Improving sanitation, access to clean water, and vector control.
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Easily Transmissible Diseases

Poliomyelitis

16. Cause: Viral infection spread through contaminated food or water.
17. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, paralysis in severe cases.
18. Prevention: Oral polio vaccine (OPV).
    
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Cholera

19. Cause: Vibrio cholerae bacteria in contaminated water.
20. Symptoms: Severe diarrhea and dehydration.
21. Prevention: Safe drinking water, sanitation, and cholera vaccines.
    
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Tuberculosis (TB)

22. Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread through airborne droplets.
23. Symptoms: Persistent cough, weight loss, night sweats.
24. Prevention: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.
    
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

25. Gonorrhea: Bacterial infection causing pain during urination and discharge.
26. Syphilis: Bacterial infection with symptoms like sores, rashes, and neurological damage if untreated.
27. HIV/AIDS: Caused by the HIV virus, weakening the immune system.
28. Transmission: Unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission.
29. Prevention: Safe sex practices, regular testing, and antiretroviral therapy (ART).
30. Vaccination: Currently available for some STDs, like HPV (human papillomavirus).
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Biology of Vectors and Control Measures

Malaria

31. Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito.
32. Control: Use insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor spraying, and draining stagnant water.
    
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Schistosomiasis

33. Vector: Freshwater snails.
34. Control: Avoid swimming in contaminated water, snail control, and medication (praziquantel).
    
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Onchocerciasis

35. Vector: Blackflies.
36. Control: Spraying insecticides near breeding sites and ivermectin treatment.
    
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Typhoid

37. Agent: Salmonella typhi bacteria.
38. Control: Ensure clean water and proper food hygiene.
    
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Cholera

39. Agent: Vibrio cholerae.
40. Control: Safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and oral rehydration therapy (ORT).
    
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Dracunculiasis

41. Agent: Guinea worm larvae in water fleas.
42. Control: Filter drinking water and educate communities on safe water practices.
    
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Meningitis

43. Agent: Bacteria or viruses.
44. Control: Vaccination, avoiding overcrowding, and prompt treatment.
    
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General Vector Control

45. Use of insecticides, biological control agents (e.g., fish that eat mosquito larvae), and public health campaigns.

Principles of Inoculation and Vaccination

46. Inoculation: Introducing a small dose of a pathogen to build immunity.
47. Vaccination: Administration of weakened or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response.
48. Polio Vaccine: Prevents poliomyelitis.
49. BCG Vaccine: Protects against tuberculosis.
50. Hepatitis B Vaccine: Prevents hepatitis B infections.
51. HPV Vaccine: Prevents cervical cancer and genital warts.
52. Tetanus Vaccine: Prevents tetanus from cuts and wounds.
53. Immunization Programs: Increase vaccination coverage to control diseases.
54. Herd Immunity: Protects vulnerable populations when a large percentage is vaccinated.
55. Booster Shots: Strengthen immunity over time.
56. Cold Chain: Ensures vaccines are stored at appropriate temperatures.
57. Awareness Campaigns: Educate the public about vaccine importance.
58. Global Efforts: Organizations like WHO and UNICEF promote vaccination programs.
59. Challenges: Vaccine hesitancy and accessibility issues.
60. Future Developments: New vaccines for emerging diseases.
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Pollution and Its Control

Sources and Types

61. Air Pollution: Emissions from vehicles, industries, and burning fossil fuels.
62. Water Pollution: Discharge of sewage, chemicals, and plastics into water bodies.
63. Soil Pollution: Use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and waste dumping.
64. Noise Pollution: Traffic, industrial machinery, and loudspeakers.
65. Thermal Pollution: Release of hot water or waste into ecosystems.
66. Radioactive Pollution: Nuclear waste and accidents.
67. Indoor Pollution: Cooking with biomass fuels and smoking.
68. Plastic Waste: Major contributor to environmental degradation.
69. E-Waste: Discarded electronics release toxic substances.
70. Medical Waste: Improper disposal spreads infections and chemicals.
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Effects of Pollution

71. Air Pollution: Causes respiratory issues like asthma and bronchitis.
72. Water Pollution: Leads to waterborne diseases like cholera and typhoid.
73. Soil Pollution: Reduces soil fertility and affects crop yield.
74. Noise Pollution: Causes hearing loss and stress.
75. Thermal Pollution: Kills aquatic life due to sudden temperature changes.
76. Plastic Pollution: Harms marine animals and enters the food chain.
77. E-Waste Pollution: Releases lead, mercury, and cadmium, affecting health.
78. Climate Change: Pollution contributes to global warming and rising sea levels.
79. Biodiversity Loss: Polluted habitats cannot sustain diverse species.
80. Economic Loss: Affects agriculture, tourism, and healthcare costs.
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Pollution Control Measures

81. Air Pollution Control: Use catalytic converters, promote renewable energy, and reduce emissions.
82. Water Pollution Control: Treat industrial waste, ban single-use plastics, and clean water bodies.
83. Soil Pollution Control: Practice organic farming and proper waste disposal.
84. Noise Pollution Control: Enforce noise limits in urban areas and use soundproofing.
85. E-Waste Management: Recycle electronics and reduce usage of hazardous materials.
86. Waste Segregation: Separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.
87. Renewable Energy: Shift to solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
88. Public Awareness: Educate communities on pollution and its impact.
89. Legislation: Enforce environmental protection laws.
90. International Agreements: Support treaties like the Paris Agreement to combat climate change.
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Sanitation and Sewage

Key Concepts

91. Sanitation: Ensures clean drinking water, proper waste disposal, and hygienic practices.
92. Sewage System: Safely removes and treats human waste.
93. Effects of Poor Sanitation: Leads to diseases like cholera and typhoid.
94. Septic Tanks: Used in rural areas for sewage treatment.
95. Sewage Treatment Plants: Remove contaminants from wastewater before release.
96. Open Defecation: Major health hazard in areas without toilets.
97. Community Toilets: Improve sanitation in densely populated areas.
98. Wastewater Recycling: Treated sewage can be reused for irrigation.
99. Public Health Campaigns: Promote hygiene and use of toilets.
100. Role of Governments: Invest in sanitation infrastructure and educate citizens.
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Jamb(UTME) tutorial on Conservation of Natural Resources; Game reserves and National parks

Importance and Methods of Conservation

Importance of Conservation

1. Definition: Conservation involves the sustainable use and management of natural resources to preserve them for future generations.
2. Biodiversity Preservation: Prevents the extinction of plant and animal species.
3. Environmental Stability: Maintains the balance of ecosystems.
4. Climate Regulation: Forest conservation helps reduce carbon emissions and combat global warming.
5. Economic Benefits: Provides raw materials for industries, tourism, and agriculture.
6. Food Security: Conserving soil and water ensures agricultural productivity.
7. Cultural Value: Protects natural heritage and landmarks.
8. Health Benefits: Clean air and water promote public health.
9. Ecosystem Services: Forests and wetlands provide essential services like pollination and water purification.
10. Sustainable Development: Ensures resources are available for future generations.
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Methods of Conservation

11. Afforestation: Planting trees to restore forests.
12. Reforestation: Replanting trees in deforested areas.
13. Wildlife Protection: Establishing game reserves and national parks.
14. Soil Conservation: Using techniques like terracing and cover cropping.
15. Water Conservation: Building dams and practicing efficient irrigation.
16. Renewable Energy: Promoting solar, wind, and hydropower to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
17. Recycling: Reducing waste by reusing materials like plastics and metals.
18. Pollution Control: Enforcing laws to reduce air, water, and soil pollution.
19. Education and Awareness: Teaching communities the importance of conservation.
20. Sustainable Farming: Crop rotation, organic farming, and agroforestry.
21. Legislation: Enacting environmental protection laws.
22. Protected Areas: Creating marine sanctuaries and forest reserves.
23. Biodiversity Hotspots: Identifying and prioritizing critical habitats for conservation.
24. Community Participation: Involving local communities in resource management.
25. Eco-Friendly Practices: Encouraging minimal resource wastage.
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Benefits of Conserving Natural Resources

Environmental Benefits

26. Prevention of Desertification: Conserving forests reduces soil erosion and desert spread.
27. Reduction of Pollution: Controlled use of resources minimizes pollutants.
28. Improved Air Quality: Trees act as carbon sinks, purifying air.
29. Water Cycle Stability: Forests maintain natural water cycles.
30. Flood Prevention: Conserved wetlands and forests act as natural barriers.
31. Climate Resilience: Conservation mitigates the impacts of climate change.
32. Habitat Protection: Ensures species have homes and breeding grounds.
33. Erosion Control: Conserved vegetation protects soil from wind and water erosion.
34. Carbon Sequestration: Forests capture carbon dioxide, reducing greenhouse gases.
35. Natural Disaster Mitigation: Mangroves protect coastal areas from storms and tsunamis.
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Economic and Social Benefits

36. Job Creation: Conservation activities provide employment in eco-tourism and forestry.
37. Sustainable Tourism: National parks and reserves attract visitors, boosting local economies.
38. Resource Availability: Ensures steady supplies of food, water, and raw materials.
39. Cost Savings: Preventing resource depletion reduces costs for future generations.
40. Public Health: Clean air, water, and reduced pollutants improve overall health.
41. Cultural Preservation: Conserves areas of historical and spiritual significance.
42. Improved Agricultural Yields: Fertile soils and adequate water lead to better crops.
43. Scientific Research: Conserved areas provide opportunities for biological studies.
44. Energy Security: Renewable resources reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
45. Community Development: Conservation projects support local education and infrastructure.
46. Food Web Maintenance: Protects relationships between predators, prey, and plants.
47. Global Cooperation: Conservation efforts foster international partnerships.
48. Disaster Preparedness: Well-managed ecosystems reduce vulnerability to natural disasters.
49. Ethical Responsibility: Protecting nature fulfills moral obligations to the planet.
50. Future Generations: Ensures that natural resources remain for human prosperity.
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Prevention of Desertification

Causes of Desertification

51. Deforestation: Clearing trees exposes soil to erosion.
52. Overgrazing: Excessive livestock depletes vegetation cover.
53. Unsustainable Farming: Repeated cropping exhausts soil nutrients.
54. Climate Change: Increases temperatures and decreases rainfall.
55. Urbanization: Expands arid areas by replacing vegetation with concrete.
56. Water Mismanagement: Over-irrigation leads to salinization.
57. Mining Activities: Strip lands of vegetation and disturb soil.
58. Bush Burning: Frequent fires destroy vegetation and organic matter.
59. Soil Erosion: Wind and water remove the fertile top layer of soil.
60. Population Pressure: Increases demand for agricultural land and water.
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Prevention Methods

61. Afforestation and Reforestation: Restoring vegetation in degraded areas.
62. Soil Management: Use of organic fertilizers and mulching.
63. Sustainable Grazing: Rotating grazing areas to prevent overuse.
64. Controlled Irrigation: Prevents salinization and waterlogging.
65. Agroforestry: Combines trees and crops to protect soil.
66. Windbreaks: Planting rows of trees to reduce wind erosion.
67. Terracing: Slows water runoff on slopes, preventing soil loss.
68. Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater for irrigation.
69. Education: Teaching communities sustainable land use practices.
70. Legislation: Enforcing anti-desertification laws and policies.
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Conservation Organizations and Their Activities

National Organizations

71. Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF): Protects Nigeria’s biodiversity through research and education.
72. Federal Ministry of Environment: Implements policies for environmental protection and resource management.
73. Nigeria National Parks: Oversees protected areas to conserve flora and fauna.
74. State Ministries of Environment: Address local conservation issues and educate communities.
75. Local NGOs: Partner with governments to promote conservation efforts.
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International Organizations

76. World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Works globally to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
77. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Develops strategies for biodiversity conservation.
78. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Promotes global environmental policies and initiatives.
79. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): Encourages countries to conserve biological resources.
80. Greenpeace: Advocates for the reduction of environmental degradation.
81. Global Environment Facility (GEF): Funds conservation projects worldwide.
82. Ramsar Convention: Focuses on the conservation of wetlands.
83. African Wildlife Foundation (AWF): Protects African wildlife and their habitats.
84. Global Footprint Network: Measures and promotes sustainable resource use.
85. Collaboration: National and international organizations often work together to achieve conservation goals.
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Game Reserves and National Parks in Nigeria

Locations and Importance

86. Yankari National Park: Located in Bauchi State; famous for its elephants and hot springs.
87. Kainji Lake National Park: Spanning Niger and Kwara States; home to hippos and crocodiles.
88. Gashaka-Gumti National Park: Located in Taraba and Adamawa States; Nigeria’s largest park with chimpanzees and rare birds.
89. Cross River National Park: Situated in Cross River State; protects gorillas and other endangered species.
90. Chad Basin National Park: Located in Borno and Yobe States; includes wetlands and desert ecosystems.
91. Okomu National Park: Found in Edo State; conserves rainforest biodiversity.
92. Kamuku National Park: Located in Kaduna State; preserves savanna ecosystems.
93. Old Oyo National Park: Spanning Oyo and Kwara States; combines cultural and natural heritage.
94. Erin-Ijesha Waterfall Reserve: Located in Osun State; promotes eco-tourism.
95. Importance of Game Reserves: Protect wildlife, support tourism, and preserve biodiversity.
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Conservation Activities in Game Reserves

96. Anti-Poaching Measures: Enforce laws to prevent illegal hunting.
97. Eco-Tourism: Generates revenue for local communities and conservation projects.
98. Community Engagement: Involves locals in managing resources sustainably.
99. Research Opportunities: Supports ecological studies and biodiversity monitoring.
100. Habitat Restoration: Rehabilitates degraded ecosystems.

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