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Jamb Biology Tutorial on Support and Movement for UTME Candidates

Dec 04 2024 08:38:00 PM

Osason

Study Guide

Support and Movement | Jamb Biology

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šŸŒ² Prepare for Your Exam Journey Through the Forest of Knowledge! The exam is like a vast forest, filled with challenges and opportunities to explore your potential. šŸŒ³ Equip yourself with the tools of preparation, navigate through your notes and practice questions, and let your hard work guide you to success. šŸŒæ Remember, every step you take now will light the path to a brighter tomorrow! šŸŒŸ
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In this post, you will be exposed to substantial number of points and summaries from the topic Support and Movement which was extracted from the Jamb syllabus. I would advice you pay attention to each of the point as you go through them. Happy learning.
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The table of content below will guide you on the related topics pertaining to "Respiration" you can navigate to the one that captures your interest
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Table of Contents
  1. Jamb(UTME) tutorial on Tropic, tactic, nastic and sleep movements in plants
  2. Jamb(UTME) tutorial on supporting tissues in animals; Types and functions of the skeleton
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Jamb(UTME) tutorial on Tropic, tactic, nastic and sleep movements in plants

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Need for Support and Movement in Organisms
  1. Support: Provides structural stability, maintaining shape and form in plants and animals.
  2. Protection: Prevents collapse and protects internal organs in animals and delicate tissues in plants.
  3. Movement: Allows animals to find food, escape predators, and reproduce.
  4. Growth Orientation: Helps plants grow upright and orient themselves toward favorable conditions.
  5. Adaptation: Ensures organisms can adapt to environmental changes, such as wind or gravity.
  6. Nutrient Transport: Supporting structures in plants (xylem, phloem) enable the transport of water, minerals, and food.
  7. Anchorage: Roots provide anchorage in soil, supporting the plant body.
  8. Flexibility: Supporting tissues like collenchyma provide flexibility, preventing mechanical damage.
  9. Efficient Functioning: Support tissues allow leaves to remain exposed to sunlight for photosynthesis.
  10. Survival: Ensures resilience against external forces like wind, water, and predators.
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Tropic, Tactic, Nastic, and Sleep Movements in Plants
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####### Tropic Movements 11. Definition: Growth-oriented movements in response to stimuli.
12. Phototropism: Response to light; shoots grow toward light.
13. Geotropism: Response to gravity; roots grow downward.
14. Hydrotropism: Response to water; roots grow toward water sources.
15. Thigmotropism: Response to touch; climbing plants like vines wrap around supports.
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Tactic Movements
  1. Definition: Directional movements in response to stimuli like light or chemicals.
  2. Examples: Movement of algae like Chlamydomonas toward light (positive phototaxis).
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Nastic Movements
  1. Definition: Non-directional responses to stimuli.
  2. Examples: Folding of Mimosa leaves when touched.
  3. Importance: Allows rapid reactions without permanent growth changes.
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Supporting Tissues in Plants
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Collenchyma
  1. Composed of living cells with thickened cell walls.
  2. Provides flexibility and tensile strength.
  3. Found in young stems and petioles.
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Sclerenchyma
  1. Composed of dead cells with lignified walls.
  2. Provides rigidity and support.
  3. Found in stems, veins, and hard seed coats.
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Xylem
  1. Conducts water and minerals.
  2. Contains lignified vessels and tracheids for strength.
  3. Provides mechanical support in addition to transport.
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Phloem Fibers
  1. Support sieve tubes and assist in the translocation of food.
Distribution of Supporting Tissues
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Root
  1. Xylem and phloem are arranged in a radial pattern.
  2. Sclerenchyma surrounds the vascular bundles for added strength.
  3. Cortex contains collenchyma for flexibility.
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Stem
  1. Collenchyma lies beneath the epidermis for flexibility.
  2. Sclerenchyma surrounds vascular bundles for rigidity.
  3. Xylem forms the inner vascular bundle, supporting water transport.
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Leaf
  1. Xylem and phloem are organized in veins and midribs.
  2. Collenchyma provides flexibility in the midrib.
  3. Sclerenchyma strengthens vein endings.
  4. Supports leaf extension and exposure to sunlight.
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Plant Responses to Stimuli
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Light (Phototropism)
  1. Shoots grow toward light (positive phototropism).
  2. Roots grow away from light (negative phototropism).
  3. Ensures optimal photosynthesis by positioning leaves.
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Water (Hydrotropism)
  1. Roots grow toward moisture-rich areas.
  2. Enhances water uptake for metabolic activities.
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Gravity (Geotropism)
  1. Roots exhibit positive geotropism by growing downward.
  2. Shoots exhibit negative geotropism by growing upward.
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Touch (Thigmotropism)
  1. Tendrils of climbing plants wrap around supports.
  2. Protects plants from falling or mechanical stress.
  3. Enhances structural stability in climbers.
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Regions of Growth in Roots and Shoots
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Root
  1. Meristematic Zone: Located at the tip, responsible for cell division.
  2. Elongation Zone: Cells expand and lengthen.
  3. Maturation Zone: Cells differentiate into specialized tissues.
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Shoot
  1. Apical Meristem: Found at the shoot tip, responsible for vertical growth.
  2. Intercalary Meristem: Found in nodes, allowing regrowth of grass and stems.
  3. Lateral Meristem: Produces secondary growth, increasing stem girth.
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Roles of Auxins in Tropism
  1. Auxins are plant hormones that regulate growth and response to stimuli.
  2. Produced in the apical meristem and transported to target tissues.
  3. Phototropism: Auxins accumulate on the shaded side of the shoot, promoting elongation and bending toward light.
  4. Geotropism: In roots, auxins inhibit elongation on the lower side, causing downward growth.
  5. Thigmotropism: Auxins stimulate elongation in tendrils during contact with support.
  6. Stimulate cell division and elongation in growth zones.
  7. Maintain apical dominance, suppressing lateral bud growth.
  8. Promote adventitious root formation.
  9. Inhibit abscission of leaves and fruits.
  10. Enhance vascular differentiation for support and transport.
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Tropic and Nastic Movements
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Tropic Movements
  1. Directional and permanent, involving growth toward or away from stimuli.
  2. Require differential cell elongation.
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Nastic Movements
  1. Non-directional and reversible, responding to stimuli intensity.
  2. Involve changes in turgor pressure in specialized cells.
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Supporting Tissues and Plant Survival
  1. Collenchyma allows plants to bend without breaking under mechanical stress.
  2. Sclerenchyma ensures rigidity in mature plants.
  3. Xylem provides support and facilitates water transport.
  4. Phloem fibers enhance flexibility during food transport.
  5. Supporting tissues enable plants to withstand environmental forces like wind.
  6. Strengthened stems support vertical growth and leaf exposure.
  7. Roots anchor plants and resist mechanical forces.
  8. Supporting tissues prevent collapse under drought stress.
  9. Sclerenchyma protects seeds and fruits from predators.
  10. Distribution of tissues ensures functional efficiency in roots, stems, and leaves.
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Integration of Support and Tropism
  1. Supporting tissues aid in maintaining structure during tropic responses.
  2. Tropisms ensure resources like light and water are optimized for survival.
  3. Auxins regulate the redistribution of growth patterns for environmental adaptation.
  4. Supporting tissues in stems allow vertical phototropic responses.
  5. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma resist mechanical stress during growth.
  6. Tropisms enhance the effectiveness of supporting tissues in resource allocation.
  7. Supporting tissues allow leaves to orient toward light for photosynthesis.
  8. Vascular bundles provide strength and nutrient transport during hydrotropism.
  9. Meristems enable continuous growth for dynamic responses to stimuli.
  10. Auxins ensure precise coordination of growth and support systems.
  11. Tropic and nastic movements protect plants from environmental stress.
  12. Thigmotropism relies on support from sclerenchyma and collenchyma.
  13. Distribution of tissues enhances photosynthetic efficiency.
  14. Tropic responses ensure plant survival in competitive environments.
  15. Supporting tissues prevent lodging in high winds.
  16. Meristematic regions allow regrowth after mechanical damage.
  17. Root systems maintain anchorage during geotropic responses.
  18. Auxins integrate stimuli with growth regulation for adaptability.
  19. Plant movement and support systems work together for optimal development.
  20. Tropisms and supporting tissues ensure survival, growth, and reproduction in diverse environments.
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Jamb(UTME) tutorial on supporting tissues in animals; Types and functions of the skeleton

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Location of Chitin, Cartilage, and Bone and Their Supporting Functions
  1. Chitin: Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods like insects and crustaceans.
  2. Support Function of Chitin:
    • Provides a hard protective covering for the body.
    • Maintains shape and rigidity in organisms like crabs and beetles.
    • Allows muscle attachment for movement.
  3. Flexibility of Chitin:
    • Lightweight and semi-flexible, enabling efficient movement.
    • Found in jointed appendages for mobility (e.g., insect legs).
  4. Cartilage: Found in joints, ears, nose, trachea, and intervertebral discs.
  5. Support Function of Cartilage:
    • Provides cushioning and reduces friction in joints.
    • Supports soft tissues like the external ear and nose.
    • Maintains the shape of respiratory structures like the trachea.
  6. Bone: Found throughout the mammalian skeleton.
  7. Support Function of Bone:
    • Provides a rigid framework for the body.
    • Supports the attachment of muscles for movement.
    • Protects vital organs like the brain (skull) and heart (ribcage).
  8. Strength of Bone:
    • Composed of a mineral matrix (calcium and phosphate) for strength and durability.
    • Contains marrow for blood cell production, contributing to overall health.
  9. Cartilage vs. Bone:
    • Cartilage is softer and more flexible, ideal for cushioning.
    • Bone is rigid and suited for structural support.
  10. Exoskeletons vs. Endoskeletons:
    • Chitin forms exoskeletons, supporting smaller organisms externally.
    • Bone supports larger animals internally.
  11. Location in Movement:
    • Chitin: Facilitates quick movements in insects.
    • Cartilage: Enables smooth movement in joints.
    • Bone: Acts as levers for muscle action.
  12. Chitin Adaptation:
    • Lightweight for flying insects like bees.
    • Strong and hard for burrowing crustaceans like lobsters.
  13. Cartilage Adaptation:
    • Elastic cartilage in the ear allows flexibility without breaking.
    • Hyaline cartilage in joints reduces friction during movement.
  14. Bone Adaptation:
    • Hollow bones in birds reduce weight for flight.
    • Dense, compact bones in mammals provide strength for terrestrial movement.
  15. Combination of Structures:
    • In mammals, cartilage and bone work together to provide support and flexibility.
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Structure and Layout of the Mammalian Skeleton
  1. Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
    • Supports the central framework of the body.
    • Protects vital organs like the brain (skull) and lungs (ribcage).
  2. Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic).
    • Facilitates locomotion and manipulation of objects.
  3. Skull:
    • Composed of fused bones to protect the brain.
    • Contains sockets for eyes and openings for sensory structures.
  4. Vertebral Column:
    • Provides flexibility and support for upright posture.
    • Protects the spinal cord.
  5. Ribcage:
    • Protects the heart and lungs.
    • Aids in respiration by expanding and contracting during breathing.
  6. Pelvic Girdle:
    • Supports the weight of the body.
    • Provides attachment for hindlimbs.
  7. Pectoral Girdle:
    • Attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
    • Allows a wide range of arm movements.
  8. Limbs:
    • Forelimbs and hindlimbs provide leverage for walking, running, and climbing.
    • Joints and muscles enable complex movements.
  9. Adaptations for Locomotion:
    • Long bones (e.g., femur) act as levers for muscle action.
    • Articulated joints allow a range of movements.
  10. Adaptations for Respiration:
    • Ribcage expansion increases lung volume for inhalation.
    • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles facilitate breathing.
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Types of Joints and Examples
  1. Fibrous Joints:
    • Immovable joints where bones are fused.
    • Example: Sutures in the skull.
  2. Cartilaginous Joints:
    • Slightly movable joints with cartilage between bones.
    • Example: Intervertebral discs in the spine.
  3. Synovial Joints:
    • Freely movable joints with a synovial cavity.
  4. Ball-and-Socket Joints:
    • Allow movement in all directions.
    • Example: Shoulder and hip joints.
  5. Hinge Joints:
    • Allow movement in one direction only.
    • Example: Elbow and knee joints.
  6. Pivot Joints:
    • Allow rotational movement.
    • Example: Joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
  7. Gliding Joints:
    • Allow bones to slide over one another.
    • Example: Joints between carpal bones in the wrist.
  8. Saddle Joints:
    • Allow movement in two directions.
    • Example: Thumb joint.
  9. Ellipsoid Joints:
    • Allow movement but with limited rotation.
    • Example: Wrist joint.
  10. Ligaments and Tendons:
    • Ligaments connect bones to stabilize joints.
    • Tendons connect muscles to bones for movement.
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Application of Skeletal Functions
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Protective Function
  1. Skull: Protects the brain from impact.
  2. Ribs: Shield the heart and lungs from injury.
  3. Vertebrae: Encase and protect the spinal cord.
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Supportive Functions
  1. Provides a framework for the attachment of muscles and organs.
  2. Maintains body shape and posture.
  3. Distributes body weight evenly during movement.
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Locomotive Functions
  1. Joints provide mobility, enabling walking, running, and jumping.
  2. Long bones like the femur act as levers for efficient movement.
  3. Ball-and-socket joints allow complex movements, enhancing agility.
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Respiratory Functions
  1. The ribcage and sternum expand and contract during breathing.
  2. Diaphragm movement creates pressure changes for lung ventilation.
  3. Protects respiratory organs, ensuring safe air exchange.
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Overall Well-Being
  1. Skeletal functions enable an active lifestyle, improving physical health.
  2. Protecting vital organs reduces the risk of life-threatening injuries.
  3. Facilitates movement, allowing animals to hunt, escape predators, and reproduce.
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After publishing this post I have this feeling that whoever study this post sincerely will come back to "share testimony" about their Jamb UTME score. If you are a prospective Jambite and you think this post is resourceful enough, I enjoin you to express your view in the comment box below. I wish you success ahead. Remember to also give your feedback on how you think we can keep improving our blog posts.
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