Transport System in Plants and Animals | Jamb Biology

Jamb(UTME) tutorial on need for transportation in plants and animals; materials for trasportation in plants and animals

Materials for Transportation

1. Excretory Products: Urea, carbon dioxide, and excess salts must be transported to excretory organs for removal.
2. Gases: Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported for respiration and photosynthesis.
3. Manufactured Food: Sugars produced in leaves during photosynthesis are transported to other parts of the plant.
4. Digested Food: Nutrients from digested food are absorbed and transported to cells in animals.
5. Nutrients: Essential minerals like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are transported in plants and animals.
6. Water: Plants absorb water through roots and transport it to leaves; animals transport water via blood.
7. Hormones: Chemical messengers like insulin in animals or auxins in plants are transported to target tissues.
8. Transport Mediums: Blood in animals and xylem/phloem in plants act as transport systems.
9. Purpose: Transportation maintains homeostasis by delivering essential materials and removing waste.
10. Energy Source: ATP powers active transport in both plants and animals.
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Relationship Between Size, Complexity, and Transport Systems

11. As organisms increase in size, diffusion becomes insufficient for material exchange.
12. Larger organisms develop specialized transport systems to meet metabolic demands.
13. In plants, the vascular system (xylem and phloem) transports water, minerals, and food.
14. In animals, the circulatory system transports gases, nutrients, and wastes.
15. Small organisms rely on direct diffusion across surfaces.
16. Multicellular organisms require bulk flow systems for efficiency.
17. Transport systems ensure even distribution of materials across large body sizes.
18. Higher complexity in organisms increases the need for regulated material transport.
19. Specialized structures, like blood vessels in animals or vascular tissues in plants, evolve with size.
20. A developed transport system supports increased metabolic activity and survival.
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Sources and Forms of Transported Materials

Plants

21. Water and Minerals: Absorbed from soil through root hairs.
22. Manufactured Food: Synthesized in leaves via photosynthesis.
23. Hormones: Produced in specialized cells like the apical meristem.
    
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Animals

24. Oxygen: Absorbed from air into the lungs or gills.
25. Nutrients: Derived from digested food in the small intestine.
26. Hormones: Secreted by endocrine glands like the pancreas.
27. Excretory Products: Produced in cells and transported to kidneys or lungs.
    
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Transported Forms

28. In Plants: Water and minerals as sap; sugars as sucrose in the phloem.
29. In Animals: Oxygen bound to hemoglobin, nutrients as glucose or amino acids, and urea dissolved in plasma.
30. Hormones and gases are transported in dissolved forms.
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General Circulatory System in Animals

31. Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.
32. Arteries: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
33. Veins: Return oxygen-poor blood to the heart.
34. Capillaries: Facilitate exchange of materials with tissues.
35. Pulmonary Circulation: Moves blood between the heart and lungs.
36. Systemic Circulation: Delivers blood to the rest of the body.
37. Blood Components:
    • Plasma: Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste.
    • Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen.
    • White Blood Cells: Fight infections.
    • Platelets: Aid in blood clotting.
38. Lymphatic System: Transports lymph, a fluid that helps fight infections.
39. Blood Pressure: Maintains flow of blood in vessels.
40. Control: Regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
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Specific Functions of Blood Vessels

41. Hepatic Portal Vein: Transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
42. Pulmonary Vein: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
43. Pulmonary Artery: Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
44. Aorta: Distributes oxygenated blood to the entire body.
45. Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys for filtration.
46. Renal Vein: Drains filtered blood from the kidneys back to the heart.
47. The hepatic portal vein ensures toxins are filtered by the liver before entering systemic circulation.
48. The pulmonary vein supports oxygen delivery critical for cellular respiration.
49. The aorta ensures high-pressure distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
50. The renal vessels maintain water and electrolyte balance.
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Plant Vascular System

51. Plants rely on xylem and phloem for material transport.
52. Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
53. Phloem: Transports sugars and hormones throughout the plant.
54. Root Hairs: Absorb water and minerals.
55. Stomata: Facilitate gas exchange in leaves.
56. Cambium: Produces xylem and phloem cells.
57. Xylem Structure: Hollow, lignified tubes for unidirectional transport.
58. Phloem Structure: Sieve tubes with companion cells for bidirectional transport.
59. Xylem supports transpiration and water flow.
60. Phloem enables translocation of food.
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Functions of Xylem and Phloem

61. Xylem:
    • Water transport.
    • Mineral absorption.
    • Structural support.
62. Phloem:
    • Sugar transport.
    • Hormone distribution.
    • Delivery of nutrients to growing parts.
63. Xylem relies on transpiration pull.
64. Phloem transport depends on pressure flow mechanisms.
65. Both ensure plant survival and growth.
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Relationship Between Structure and Function

66. Xylem vessels are thick-walled and lignified for strength and water conduction.
67. Phloem sieve tubes have pores for sugar movement.
68. Capillaries in animals are thin-walled for material exchange.
69. Veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
70. Arteries are thick and elastic to withstand pressure.
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Enzymes and Digestion

71. Carbohydrates:
    • Enzyme: Amylase.
    • Breaks starch into maltose.
72. Proteins:
    • Enzyme: Pepsin.
    • Breaks proteins into peptides.
73. Fats:
    • Enzyme: Lipase.
    • Breaks fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
74. Enzymes ensure efficient digestion and absorption.
75. Enzymatic activity is temperature and pH-dependent.
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End Products of Digestion

76. Carbohydrates: Glucose, absorbed in the small intestine.
77. Proteins: Amino acids, used for tissue repair.
78. Fats: Glycerol and fatty acids, used for energy.
79. Nutrients enter the bloodstream for transport.
80. Waste products are transported to excretory organs.
81. Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells for transport.
82. Hormones like insulin regulate nutrient usage.
83. Nutrients support growth, energy, and repair.
84. Plants convert transported sugars into starch for storage.
85. Transpiration aids xylem water movement.
86. Blood carries glucose for cellular respiration.
87. Vascular tissues maintain plant rigidity and nutrient flow.
88. Efficient transport systems prevent accumulation of waste.
89. Specialized structures like kidneys filter excretory products.
90. Proper transport ensures survival in both plants and animals.
    
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Final Points on Circulation and Transport

91. Blood and lymph systems complement each other in animals.
92. Xylem and phloem work together to maintain plant health.
93. Transport systems in plants and animals evolved for efficiency.
94. Animals rely on the circulatory system for homeostasis.
95. Plants use transpiration and pressure flow for material distribution.
96. Hormones control various physiological processes.
97. Proper transport maintains cellular activity.
98. Both systems rely on structural adaptations.
99. Understanding transport systems improves agriculture and medicine.
100. Efficient material transport is vital for life in all organisms.
     
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Jamb(UTME) tutorial on Channels for transportation in plants and animals; Media and processes of mechanism for transportation in plants and animals

Media of Transportation

1. Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance in cells that transports organelles, nutrients, and waste.
2. Cell Sap: Found in the vacuoles of plant cells, contains dissolved sugars, salts, and waste for transport within the cell.
3. Body Fluid: Interstitial fluid that bathes cells, providing nutrients and removing waste.
4. Blood: A fluid in animals that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste.
5. Lymph: A clear fluid that transports immune cells and drains interstitial fluid.
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Composition and Functions of Blood

Blood Composition

6. Plasma: Makes up 55% of blood; contains water, proteins, nutrients, and waste.
7. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
8. White Blood Cells (WBCs): Defend against infections.
9. Platelets: Help in blood clotting.
   
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Blood Functions

10. Transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues.
11. Carries carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
12. Delivers nutrients from the digestive system to cells.
13. Removes metabolic waste like urea to excretory organs.
14. Regulates body temperature.
15. Protects against infections through WBCs and antibodies.
16. Maintains pH balance in the body.
    
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Composition and Functions of Lymph

Lymph Composition

17. Water: Major component for fluid balance.
18. Proteins: Fewer than in blood, mostly for immune response.
19. White Blood Cells: Key cells in immunity.
20. Fats: Absorbed from the intestines during digestion.
    
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Lymph Functions

21. Drains excess interstitial fluid back into the bloodstream.
22. Transports fats from the digestive system.
23. Defends the body against infections.
24. Maintains fluid balance in tissues.
    
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Mechanisms of Transportation

Diffusion

25. Definition: The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
26. Examples: Gas exchange in lungs and cells.
27. Importance: Allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms.
28. Passive Process: Requires no energy input.
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Osmosis

29. Definition: The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration.
30. Examples: Uptake of water by plant roots.
31. Importance: Maintains cell turgor and hydration.
32. Passive Process: Does not require energy.
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Plasmolysis

33. Definition: The process where plant cells lose water in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell membrane to shrink from the cell wall.
34. Example: Wilting of plants in salty soil.
35. Effect: Leads to loss of turgidity and wilting.
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Turgidity

36. Definition: The state where plant cells are full of water, causing the cell to become firm.
37. Example: Upright position of plant leaves and stems.
38. Importance: Maintains plant structure and support.
    
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Comparison of Open and Closed Circulatory Systems in Animals

Open Circulatory System

39. Blood is not confined to vessels; it flows freely through body cavities.
40. Found in insects and arthropods.
41. Blood (hemolymph) directly bathes organs.
42. Slower transport of nutrients and gases.
43. Less efficient for larger organisms.
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Closed Circulatory System

44. Blood flows through a network of vessels.
45. Found in vertebrates like humans and fish.
46. Faster and more efficient transport of materials.
47. Capillaries facilitate material exchange at the tissue level.
48. Suitable for larger, more active organisms.
    
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Transportation Mechanisms in Plants

Transpiration Pull

49. Definition: The process by which water is pulled up the xylem due to evaporation at the leaf surface.
50. Importance: Drives water and nutrient transport from roots to leaves.
51. Passive Process: Relies on water potential gradients.
    
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Root Pressure

52. Definition: The force generated by osmotic pressure in roots to push water up the xylem.
53. Occurs at Night: When transpiration is low.
54. Importance: Contributes to upward water movement.
55. Example: Guttation in plants.
    
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Active Transport

56. Definition: Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
57. Examples: Absorption of mineral ions by root hairs.
58. Importance: Enables plants to take up nutrients from the soil.
    
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Importance of Transportation in Organisms

59. Maintains cellular homeostasis.
60. Supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells.
61. Removes metabolic waste.
62. Transports hormones to target tissues.
63. Regulates body temperature and fluid balance.
    
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Organ-Specific Transportation Functions

Heart

64. Pumps blood throughout the body.
65. Maintains pressure for circulation.
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Lungs

66. Facilitate oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.
    
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Liver

67. Processes nutrients and detoxifies waste.
68. Produces bile for fat digestion.
    
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Kidneys

69. Filter blood to remove waste and regulate water balance.
    
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Summary of Mechanisms

70. Diffusion: Exchange of gases and nutrients at the cellular level.
71. Osmosis: Water movement critical for hydration and turgor.
72. Transpiration Pull: Drives water and nutrient flow in plants.
73. Root Pressure: Enhances water movement, especially at night.
74. Active Transport: Facilitates nutrient absorption in both plants and animals.
    
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Enzymatic Contributions

75. Enzymes like amylase, lipase, and protease aid in digestion for nutrient transport.
76. ATPases power active transport.
    
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Efficient Transportation in Plants and Animals

77. Vascular bundles in plants (xylem and phloem) ensure efficient distribution.
78. Closed circulatory systems in animals ensure rapid material delivery.
    
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End Products of Transportation

79. In Plants: Glucose, starch, and oxygen.
80. In Animals: ATP, proteins, and carbon dioxide.
    
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Additional Points

81. Xylem transports water and minerals.
82. Phloem distributes food and hormones.
83. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients.
84. Lymph returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
85. Cytoplasm facilitates intracellular transport.
    
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Importance of Transport Systems

86. Support growth and reproduction.
87. Enable multicellularity.
88. Maintain metabolic processes.
    
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Unique Adaptations

89. Insects have tracheal systems for gas exchange.
90. Plants use root hairs to maximize water uptake.
    
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Efficiency Enhancers

91. Capillaries allow direct exchange with tissues.
92. Transpiration ensures constant water flow.
    
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Homeostatic Role

93. Transport systems maintain internal stability.
    
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Applications

94. Understanding helps improve agriculture.
95. Knowledge aids in medical advancements.
    
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Final Comparisons

96. Diffusion is slower but simple.
97. Active transport is faster but energy-intensive.
98. Plants use passive and active systems effectively.
99. Animals rely more on closed circulatory systems.
100. Both systems are vital for life.

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