Alkanoic acids, Alkanoates, Amines (Alkanamines) | Jamb Chemistry

Alkanoic Acids

1. Alkanoic acids are carboxylic acids with the general formula ${R-COOH}$.
2. They are weak acids because they only partially ionize in water.
3. The functional group is the carboxyl group (-COOH).
4. They are systematically named using the IUPAC nomenclature system.
5. Methanoic acid (${HCOOH}$) is the simplest alkanoic acid.
6. Ethanoic acid (${CH}_3{COOH}$) is commonly known as acetic acid.
7. Propanoic acid (${C}_2{H}_5{COOH}$) is used as a preservative.
8. Butanoic acid (${C}_3{H}_7{COOH}$) gives rancid butter its odor.
9. Longer-chain alkanoic acids are called fatty acids.
10. Fatty acids are found in fats, oils, and waxes.
    
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Chemical Reactions of Alkanoic Acids

11. Alkanoic acids react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization).
12. Example:
    
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    ${CH}_3{COOH} + {NaOH} \rightarrow {CH}_3{COONa} + {H}_2{O}$
13. They react with metals to release hydrogen gas.
14. Example:
    
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15. Alkanoic acids react with metal carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.
16. Reduction of alkanoic acids produces primary alcohols.
17. They undergo esterification with alcohols to form esters.
18. Reaction:
    
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    ${CH}_3{COOH} + {C}_2{H}_5{OH} \rightarrow {CH}_3{COOC}_2{H}_5 + {H}_2{O}$
19. Esters have a sweet or fruity smell and are used in perfumes.
    
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Neutralization and Esterification

21. Neutralization converts acids into salts known as alkanoates.
22. Esterification is a condensation reaction between alkanoic acids and alkanols.
23. It requires an acid catalyst e.g., ${H}_2{SO}_4$.
24. Esters are used as solvents, flavoring agents, and plasticizers.
25. Example: Methyl ethanoate is formed from methanol and ethanoic acid.
    
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Ethanedioic Acid (Oxalic Acid)

26. Ethanedioic acid (${H}_2{C}_2{O}_4$) is a dicarboxylic acid.
27. It contains two carboxyl groups.
28. It occurs naturally in rhubarb, spinach, and cocoa.
29. Oxalic acid forms salts called oxalates.
30. It reacts with bases:
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    ${H}_2{C}_2{O}_4 + 2{NaOH} \rightarrow {Na}_2{C}_2{O}_4 + 2{H}_2{O}$
31. Oxalic acid can act as a reducing agent.
32. It is used to remove rust from metals.
33. Ethanedioic acid is toxic in high amounts.
    
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Benzene Carboxylic Acid (Benzoic Acid)

34. Benzoic acid (${C}_6{H}_5{COOH}$) is an aromatic acid.
35. It has a benzene ring attached to a carboxyl group.
36. It is used as a food preservative (E210).
37. Benzoic acid reacts with NaOH:
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    ${C}_6{H}_5{COOH} + {NaOH} \rightarrow {C}_6{H}_5{COONa} + {H}_2{O}$
38. It is sparingly soluble in cold water but dissolves in hot water.
39. Benzoic acid is a precursor for plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.
    
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Comparison of Alkanoic Acids

40. Saturated alkanoic acids have single bonds.
41. Unsaturated alkanoic acids have double or triple bonds.
42. Aromatic acids contain a benzene ring.
43. Dicarboxylic acids contain two carboxyl groups.
44. Short-chain acids are soluble in water, while long-chain acids are not.
    
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Alkanoates

45. Alkanoates are salts or esters of alkanoic acids.
46. They are formed during neutralization or esterification.
47. Alkanoates are used in soap making, food additives, and plastics.
    
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Fats and Oils as Alkanoates

48. Fats and oils are natural esters of fatty acids and glycerol.
49. Fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid.
50. Oils contain unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid).
51. Fats contain saturated fatty acids (e.g., palmitic acid).
    
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Saponification

52. Saponification is the process of hydrolyzing fats/oils with alkali to produce soap.
53. Reaction:
    
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    ${Fat} + {NaOH} \rightarrow {Soap} + {Glycerol}$
54. Soap molecules have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.
55. Soaps emulsify grease, allowing water to wash it away.
    
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Production of Soap and Margarine

56. Soap is produced by alkaline hydrolysis of fats.
57. Margarine is produced by hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
58. Hydrogenation converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats.
    
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Distinction Between Soaps and Detergents

59. Soaps are biodegradable, while detergents may not be.
60. Detergents work better in hard water.
61. Soap reacts with calcium and magnesium in hard water to form scum.
    
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Amines (Alkanamines)

62. Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia.
63. Primary amines have one alkyl group (${R-NH}_2$).
64. Secondary amines have two alkyl groups (${R}_2{NH}$).
65. Tertiary amines have three alkyl groups (${R}_3{N}$).
66. Amines act as weak bases in water.
67. Reaction with acids:
    
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    ${CH}_3{NH}_2 + {HCl} \rightarrow {CH}_3{NH}_3{Cl}$
68. Aromatic amines, like aniline, are used to produce dyes and drugs.
69. Amines are found in proteins, DNA, and neurotransmitters.
70. Amines are used in pesticides, solvents, and explosives.
    
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Industrial Applications

71. Alkanoic acids are used in food, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.
72. Alkanoates are key in soap making and producing synthetic materials.
73. Esterification produces fragrance chemicals and flavorings.
74. Saponification produces soap and glycerol.
75. Amines are widely used in medicines, polymers, and chemicals.
76. Saponification is used in soap-making industries.
77. Soaps are biodegradable and clean surfaces by emulsification.
78. Detergents, unlike soaps, are synthetic and work in hard water.
79. Soaps are better for the environment, while detergents are harsher.
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Amines (Alkanamines) General Information

81. Amines are organic compounds containing the -NH2 group.
82. Their general formula is CnH2n+1NH2.
83. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
84. Primary amines have one alkyl group attached to nitrogen (e.g., methylamine).
85. Secondary amines have two alkyl groups (e.g., dimethylamine).
86. Tertiary amines have three alkyl groups (e.g., trimethylamine).
87. Amines are basic and react with acids to form ammonium salts.
88. Example: Methylamine + HCl → Methylammonium chloride.
89. Amines have a characteristic fishy odor.
90. They are used in dyes, drugs, and fertilizers.
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Importance and Applications

91. Alkanoic acids are used in food preservatives (e.g., vinegar).
92. Esters are used in perfumes, cosmetics, and food flavoring.
93. Fats and oils provide energy and are used in cooking.
94. Soap cleans by emulsifying grease and oils.
95. Glycerol is used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
96. Benzoic acid is a key industrial preservative.
97. Amines are used in the synthesis of dyes, drugs, and pesticides.
98. Saponification provides glycerol, which has industrial importance.
99. Ethanol is used as a solvent, fuel, and beverage.
100. Understanding these compounds is crucial in industry and daily life

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