Information and Communication Technology | Jamb Commerce

What is a Computer

1. Definition of a Computer: A computer is an electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves data, performing various tasks based on programmed instructions.
2. Basic Functions: A computer's primary functions include input, processing, storage, and output of data.
3. Digital Device: A computer processes information in binary form (0s and 1s), making it a digital device.
4. Programmable: Computers can be programmed to perform a wide variety of tasks by following instructions provided by software.
5. Automation: Computers automate repetitive tasks, increasing efficiency and reducing human error.
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Appreciation and Application of Computer

6. Technological Advancements: The use of computers has led to significant advancements in technology, revolutionizing industries and daily life.
7. Business Productivity: Computers enhance business operations by automating tasks like accounting, inventory management, and customer relations.
8. Medical Applications: Computers play a vital role in healthcare for tasks like patient record management, medical imaging, and drug development.
9. Education: Computers are extensively used in education for e-learning, online research, and virtual classrooms.
10. Entertainment: Computers support various entertainment applications, including gaming, video streaming, and music production.
11. Scientific Research: In science, computers are used for simulations, data analysis, and managing complex research projects.
12. Design and Creativity: Software on computers allows for graphic design, animation, architecture, and digital art creation.
13. Communication: Computers facilitate global communication through email, video calls, and social media platforms.
14. Transportation: Computers are used in navigation systems, flight control, and managing traffic systems.
15. Data Storage: Computers store vast amounts of data efficiently, providing quick access when needed.
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Types of Computer

16. Supercomputers: Extremely powerful computers used for high-level computations, simulations, and scientific research.
17. Mainframe Computers: Large computers used by organizations to process massive amounts of data simultaneously.
18. Minicomputers: Medium-sized computers used by smaller organizations for specialized tasks, like accounting or data management.
19. Microcomputers: Personal computers used by individuals and small businesses for general purposes, such as browsing and document editing.
20. Laptops: Portable computers that combine the power of desktops with the convenience of mobility.
21. Tablets: Touchscreen-based devices that allow for portable computing, useful for browsing and simple tasks.
22. Smartphones: Mobile phones with computing capabilities, supporting applications for communication, navigation, and entertainment.
23. Embedded Computers: Special-purpose computers designed to perform specific functions within a system, such as in cars or home appliances.
24. Workstations: High-performance computers used for tasks that require substantial computing power, like graphic design or 3D rendering.
25. Servers: Computers that provide services, data, and resources to other computers (clients) over a network.
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Functions of a Computer

26. Input: The process of entering data into the computer through input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners.
27. Processing: The CPU processes the input data by performing calculations, comparisons, and logical operations.
28. Storage: Computers store data and instructions in memory or storage devices such as hard drives or SSDs.
29. Output: The computer outputs processed data through devices like monitors, printers, or speakers.
30. Control: The computer controls the execution of processes and ensures data flows in the correct sequence.
31. Data Management: Computers help organize and manage large amounts of data, making it accessible and easy to analyze.
32. Automation: Computers automate processes and tasks based on predetermined instructions, improving efficiency.
33. Communication: Computers enable communication by sending, receiving, and processing data through networks and the internet.
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Merits and Demerits of Computers

34. Merits of Computers:

• Increased Productivity: Computers allow for faster completion of tasks and the automation of repetitive work.
• Precision and Accuracy: Computers perform tasks with high accuracy, minimizing human error.
• Data Management: They help organize and store large amounts of data securely and accessibly.
• Information Access: Computers provide quick access to vast amounts of information on the internet and local storage.
• Cost Efficiency: Long-term cost savings can be achieved by automating tasks and reducing labor costs.
• Improved Communication: Computers enable instant communication via email, video conferencing, and messaging.
• Flexibility: Computers can be used for a wide variety of tasks across different industries.
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35. Demerits of Computers:

• Job Losses: Automation through computers can lead to job displacement in certain industries.
• Security Risks: Computers are susceptible to cyberattacks, data breaches, and viruses that compromise sensitive information.
• Dependency: Overreliance on computers can reduce problem-solving skills and lead to operational disruptions if the systems fail.
• Environmental Impact: E-waste and the production of electronic devices contribute to environmental degradation.
• Social Isolation: Excessive use of computers, particularly social media and gaming, can lead to reduced social interactions.
• Privacy Concerns: Data collection and surveillance through computers can infringe on individuals' privacy rights.
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Challenges of Using Computers

36. Cybersecurity Threats: Computers are vulnerable to hacking, malware, ransomware, and other forms of cyberattacks.
37. System Failures: Hardware or software failures can disrupt operations and cause data loss.
38. Data Privacy Issues: The collection, storage, and sharing of personal data can lead to privacy violations if not properly managed.
39. Digital Divide: Not all people have equal access to computers and the internet, which can limit opportunities for education and employment.
40. Overload of Information: The vast amount of information available on computers can be overwhelming, leading to information overload.
41. Technology Dependency: People can become too dependent on computers, affecting their ability to function without them.
42. Inadequate Digital Literacy: Lack of computer skills can prevent individuals from fully participating in digital and technological advancements.
43. Obsolescence: Computers and software become outdated quickly, requiring constant upgrades or replacements.
44. Energy Consumption: Computers, especially data centers, consume a significant amount of energy, contributing to environmental concerns.
45. Ergonomic Issues: Prolonged computer use can lead to physical issues such as eye strain, back pain, and repetitive strain injuries.
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Terms Used in ICT

46. ICT (Information and Communication Technology): Refers to all technologies used for handling communications, data, and information processing.
47. Hardware: The physical components of a computer system, including the CPU, keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
48. Software: Programs and applications that run on a computer, allowing it to perform specific tasks.
49. Cloud Computing: The delivery of computing services (storage, processing) over the internet, allowing users to access and store data remotely.
50. Data Transmission: The process of sending data from one computer to another over a network or internet connection.
51. Networking: The practice of connecting computers and devices to share resources, information, and services.
52. Database Management: Software systems that manage and organize large amounts of data for easy retrieval and storage.
53. Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.
54. Operating System: Software that manages hardware resources and provides services for application programs (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
55. Encryption: The process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access.
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Internet

56. Definition of the Internet: The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that allows for the sharing of information and services.
57. World Wide Web (WWW): The web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content accessed via the internet.
58. Search Engines: Tools that help users find information on the internet by indexing websites (e.g., Google, Bing).
59. IP Address: A unique address assigned to each device connected to the internet to identify and communicate with it.
60. Web Browsers: Software that enables users to navigate the internet (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari).
61. E-commerce: The buying and selling of goods and services over the internet.
62. Social Media: Platforms for creating, sharing, and exchanging user-generated content (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram).
63. Streaming: The process of transmitting audio or video content over the internet in real time.
64. Cybercrime: Criminal activities conducted through the internet, including fraud, hacking, and identity theft.
65. Wi-Fi: A technology that allows devices to connect to the internet wirelessly via a local area network.
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Intranet

66. Definition of Intranet: A private network within an organization that uses internet protocols but is restricted to authorized users.
67. Secure Communication: Intranets provide a secure environment for internal communication and sharing of resources within a company.
68. Collaboration: Intranets allow employees to collaborate, share documents, and access company resources in a controlled environment.
69. Integration with Business Systems: Intranets can be integrated with internal systems like payroll, HR, and project management tools.
70. Access Control: Intranet networks allow businesses to restrict access to sensitive information based on roles and responsibilities.
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Browsing

71. Web Browsing: The activity of navigating through websites and web pages using a browser to access information and services.
72. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address of a specific website or webpage on the internet.
73. Cookies: Small files stored on a user's device that help websites remember preferences or login details.
74. Search Engine Optimization (SEO): Techniques used to improve a website’s ranking on search engine results pages, making it easier for users to find.
75. Bookmarking: Saving a webpage URL in a browser for easy access later.
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Password

76. Definition of Password: A secret combination of characters used to authenticate and protect access to a system or service.
77. Password Security: Strong passwords, which include a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols, provide enhanced security.
78. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): A security measure that requires users to verify their identity using both a password and a secondary method, such as a code sent to their phone.
79. Password Management: The practice of securely storing and managing passwords to prevent unauthorized access.
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E-mail

80. Definition of Email: An electronic system for sending and receiving messages over the internet.
81. Email Addresses: A unique identifier for email communication, typically in the format user@example.com.
82. Spam: Unsolicited and often irrelevant or harmful email sent in bulk, usually for advertising purposes.
83. Attachments: Files, such as documents or images, sent along with an email message.
84. Email Security: Measures like encryption and anti-virus filters used to protect email communications.
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Google

85. Definition of Google: Google is a global search engine that allows users to search the web for information and access various online services.
86. Google Search: Google’s main service, which indexes and ranks websites to provide users with the most relevant results.
87. Google Services: Other services provided by Google include Gmail, Google Drive, Google Maps, and YouTube.
88. Google Analytics: A tool that helps website owners track and analyze website traffic and performance.
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Yahoo

89. Definition of Yahoo: Yahoo is an internet services company known for its search engine, email, news, and finance services.
90. Yahoo Mail: A popular email service provided by Yahoo, offering free accounts with storage and email management features.
91. Yahoo News: A service that aggregates and delivers news content from various sources worldwide.
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Search

92. Search Engine: A software tool used to search for information on the internet by querying databases of indexed content.
93. Keyword Search: Using specific keywords to search for relevant content on the internet.
94. Search Results: The list of websites, articles, and content returned by a search engine based on a user's query.
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Local Area Network (LAN)

95. Definition of LAN: A network of computers and devices within a small geographic area, such as a home, office, or school.
96. Components of LAN: LAN typically includes computers, routers, switches,and network cables.
97. Private Networking: LANs allow private communication and resource sharing among devices in the network.
98. Data Sharing: Users in a LAN can share files, printers, and other resources across the network.
99. Security: LANs typically implement security measures like firewalls and encryption to protect data.
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E-commerce

100. Definition of E-commerce: E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services via the internet.
101. Types of E-commerce: The main types of e-commerce include B2B (business-to-business), B2C (business-to-consumer), and C2C (consumer-to-consumer).
102. Online Stores: Businesses create online storefronts where customers can browse, select, and purchase products.
103. Digital Payment: E-commerce platforms support digital payment methods like credit cards, PayPal, and mobile wallets.
104. Supply Chain Management: E-commerce systems help manage inventory, shipments, and customer orders efficiently.
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E-banking

105. Definition of E-banking: E-banking refers to the use of the internet to conduct financial transactions such as banking, transfers, and bill payments.
106. Online Banking: A service that allows customers to manage their bank accounts, pay bills, and transfer money via the internet.
107. Mobile Banking: Banking services accessed through mobile apps, allowing users to manage finances on the go.
108. Security in E-banking: Banks use encryption and multi-factor authentication to protect online transactions.
109. Virtual Banking: A banking model that operates entirely online, without the need for physical branch offices.
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E-business

110. Definition of E-business: E-business involves conducting business activities online, including sales, customer service, and marketing.
111. Business Automation: E-business systems automate internal operations such as inventory management, payroll, and customer support.
112. Global Reach: E-businesses have the ability to operate internationally, reaching customers worldwide through digital platforms.
113. Supply Chain Integration: E-business models streamline the supply chain by connecting manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers online.
114. Customer Interaction: E-business allows businesses to engage with customers through online chat, forums, and social media.
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Conclusion

115. Technological Advancements: Technology continues to advance, creating new possibilities for computing and communication.
116. Importance of Computers in Business: Computers and digital technologies have become essential tools for businesses in virtually every industry.
117. Increasing Dependence: Society is becoming increasingly dependent on computers and digital technologies in daily life and work.
118. Education and Training: Continuous learning and adapting to new technologies are necessary to keep up with the evolving digital landscape.
119. Sustainable Computing: The push for greener, more energy-efficient computers and data centers is growing in response to environmental concerns.
120. Future of ICT: As technology continues to evolve, computers and related technologies will continue to shape the future of business, communication, and daily living.

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