Selected Economic Activities | Jamb(UTME) Geography

Selected Economic Activities

1. Economic Activities - Activities that involve the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
2. Primary Activities - Economic activities that involve the extraction or harvesting of natural resources, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing.
3. Secondary Activities - Economic activities that involve the processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods, such as factories and construction.
4. Tertiary Activities - Economic activities that provide services rather than goods, including retail, education, healthcare, and banking.
5. Quaternary Activities - Economic activities that involve the knowledge-based services such as research, information technology, and consultancy.
6. Basic Economic Activities - The fundamental actions that meet the basic needs of society, like food production and the provision of shelter.
7. Non-basic Economic Activities - Activities that support basic economic activities, like marketing, administration, and transportation.
8. Service-based Economies - Economies where the majority of economic activities are in the tertiary and quaternary sectors, such as the U.S. and Japan.
9. Agricultural-based Economies - Economies where the majority of economic activities are based on primary activities, such as many African and Asian countries.
10. Industrial Economies - Economies dominated by secondary activities, such as Germany, China, and South Korea.
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Primary Activity

11. Primary Economic Activities - Activities focused on extracting natural resources, including farming, mining, fishing, and forestry.
12. Agriculture - The practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising livestock for food and raw materials.
13. Fishing - An economic activity involving the harvesting of fish from oceans, rivers, and lakes, often a primary activity in coastal areas.
14. Forestry - The management and harvesting of timber, pulp, and other forest products, often in rural or tropical areas.
15. Mining - The extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, from the Earth.
16. Hunting and Gathering - Traditional economic activities involving the collection of wild plants and hunting of animals for food and materials.
17. Livestock Farming - Raising animals for meat, milk, wool, and other animal products.
18. Extensive Agriculture - Agricultural systems that require large areas of land and minimal labor, such as grain farming.
19. Intensive Agriculture - Farming that requires more labor and capital, often in smaller spaces, producing high yields per unit of land.
20. Sustainable Agriculture - Farming practices that are environmentally responsible, economically viable, and socially equitable, aimed at preserving resources for future generations.
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Secondary Activity

21. Secondary Economic Activities - Activities that process raw materials into finished goods, including manufacturing, construction, and assembly.
22. Manufacturing - The process of converting raw materials into goods for sale, including food products, textiles, and electronics.
23. Construction - The building of infrastructure like roads, bridges, and buildings, which is vital for economic development.
24. Textile Industry - An industry that processes natural and synthetic fibers to create products like clothing, furniture, and industrial materials.
25. Food Processing - The transformation of raw agricultural products into consumable items, such as canned food, dairy products, and beverages.
26. Automobile Industry - The manufacturing of vehicles, including cars, trucks, and motorcycles, which is a major global economic activity.
27. Chemical Industry - The production of chemicals used in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing processes, such as fertilizers and plastics.
28. Steel Production - The manufacture of steel, a critical material for construction, transportation, and machinery.
29. Oil Refining - The processing of crude oil into usable products like gasoline, diesel, and petrochemicals.
30. Energy Production - The transformation of raw materials into energy sources, including electricity generation through coal, natural gas, solar, and wind.
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Tertiary and Quaternary Activities

31. Tertiary Economic Activities - Service-based economic activities, such as retail, healthcare, education, and tourism, that support primary and secondary activities.
32. Retail Industry - The sale of goods and services to consumers, which plays a major role in economic development in urban and rural areas.
33. Healthcare - The provision of medical services and treatment, which is a significant component of the service economy.
34. Education Services - Schools, colleges, and universities that provide knowledge and training, contributing to human capital development.
35. Transportation Services - The movement of goods and people, crucial for connecting markets, industries, and consumers.
36. Banking and Finance - The provision of financial services, including loans, investments, and currency exchange, which supports business and economic activities.
37. Information Technology - The service sector focused on the creation, management, and exchange of information through computer-based systems.
38. Research and Development (R&D) - Economic activities that focus on the creation of new products, technologies, and processes, especially in the pharmaceutical and technology sectors.
39. Consulting Services - The provision of professional advice in areas such as management, strategy, and human resources.
40. Tourism - The service industry related to travel, leisure, and hospitality, which generates significant revenue and employment.
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Agriculture

41. Agriculture - The science or practice of cultivating land, growing crops, and raising animals to provide food and raw materials.
42. Subsistence Agriculture - A farming system where farmers grow food primarily for their own consumption, with little to no surplus for trade.
43. Commercial Agriculture - Large-scale farming intended for profit, where crops are grown for sale in domestic and international markets.
44. Mixed Farming - A system of farming where both crops and livestock are raised together to maximize output and reduce risk.
45. Shifting Cultivation - A traditional agricultural system where fields are cultivated temporarily and then abandoned to restore soil fertility.
46. Plantation Agriculture - Large-scale commercial farming of crops such as coffee, sugar, and rubber, typically in tropical regions.
47. Sustainable Agriculture - Farming practices that minimize environmental impact by using organic methods, crop rotation, and water conservation.
48. Organic Farming - A method of farming that avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, focusing on natural methods of pest control and soil enrichment.
49. Intensive Livestock Farming - High-density farming that aims to maximize the production of meat, milk, and eggs through the use of technology and feeding systems.
50. Aquaculture - The farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed, to meet global seafood demand.
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Types of Agriculture

51. Arable Farming - Farming focused on growing crops that require cultivation, such as grains, vegetables, and fruits.
52. Pastoral Farming - Farming focused on raising livestock for meat, milk, wool, and other animal products.
53. Mixed Farming - A farming system that combines both crop cultivation and livestock raising to provide diverse products.
54. Subsistence Farming - A type of farming where crops and livestock are produced mainly for personal consumption rather than for sale or trade.
55. Commercial Farming - Large-scale farming for the market, designed to maximize profit through high output.
56. Shifting Cultivation - A system in which forests are cleared, crops are planted for a few years, and the land is abandoned for the forest to regenerate.
57. Nomadic Herding - A form of pastoral farming where livestock are moved seasonally to access food and water.
58. Agroforestry - A land-use system where trees and crops are grown together to promote sustainability and increase biodiversity.
59. Hydroponics - A method of growing plants in water, typically in greenhouses or controlled environments, without soil.
60. Precision Farming - Using technology such as GPS, drones, and data analytics to optimize farming practices and increase yield.
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System, Factors, and Problems of Agriculture

61. System of Agriculture - The methods and techniques used in farming, including crop rotation, irrigation, and mechanization.
62. Climate - Weather patterns, including rainfall, temperature, and sunlight, which affect crop and livestock production.
63. Soil Fertility - The ability of soil to provide essential nutrients to plants, which is influenced by organic matter and soil management practices.
64. Water Availability - A critical factor in agriculture, with irrigation needed in areas where rainfall is insufficient to support crops.
65. Land Ownership - The structure of land ownership, whether large estates, smallholder farms, or collective land use, affects agricultural productivity.
66. Technology and Innovation - Technological advances in machinery, seeds, and pest control have revolutionized agriculture, increasing efficiency and output.
67. Labor Force - The availability of farm workers, including seasonal and migrant labor, influences the success of agricultural production.
68. Government Policies - Subsidies, tariffs, and agricultural support programs affect the profitability and sustainability of farming.
69. Economic Conditions - Market prices, trade policies, and inflation influence the income of farmers and their capacity to invest in agriculture.
70. Pests and Diseases - Agricultural production is often threatened by pests, diseases, and invasive species that damage crops and livestock.
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Manufacturing Industries

71. Manufacturing - The process of converting raw materials into finished products, including industrial, consumer goods, and durable goods.
72. Heavy Industries - Industries that produce large-scale products like steel, chemicals, and machinery, requiring substantial investment in equipment and infrastructure.
73. Light Industries - Industries that produce smaller goods like electronics, textiles, and consumer products with less capital investment.
74. Consumer Goods Manufacturing - The production of goods that are used by individuals, such as clothing, appliances, and automobiles.
75. Intermediate Goods - Goods that are used in the production of other goods, like components and raw materials.
76. Capital Goods - Goods used in the production process, including machinery, buildings, and tools.
77. Tertiary Manufacturing - The manufacturing of goods specifically designed for service-oriented sectors, such as medical equipment and office supplies.
78. Textile Manufacturing - The production of fabric and garments, often in countries with cheap labor and a large workforce.
79. Food Manufacturing - The processing of raw agricultural products into packaged food products for sale and consumption.
80. Chemical Manufacturing - The production of chemicals used in a variety of industries, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and plastics.
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Types of Manufacturing Industries

81. Heavy Industry - Industries focused on large-scale products like steel, machinery, and chemicals.
82. Light Industry - Industries focused on smaller-scale production like consumer goods, textiles, and electronics.
83. Basic Industry - Industries that provide raw materials for other industries, such as mining, forestry, and agriculture.
84. Consumer Goods Industry - Industries that produce products directly used by consumers, such as clothing, furniture, and food.
85. Durable Goods Industry - Industries that produce long-lasting goods like cars, electronics, and appliances.
86. Non-durable Goods Industry - Industries that produce goods that are used up quickly, such as food, beverages, and toiletries.
87. Capital Goods Industry - Manufacturing of equipment and machinery used in the production of other goods, such as construction equipment and factory machines.
88. Textile and Apparel Industry - The production of fabrics, garments, and accessories, often relying on labor-intensive processes in developing countries.
89. Automobile Manufacturing - The production of cars, trucks, and motorcycles, a major sector in global industrialization.
90. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing - The production of drugs and medical devices, an essential industry for global health and well-being.
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Locational Factors of Industries

91. Raw Materials Availability - Proximity to raw materials, such as coal for energy or timber for furniture, significantly impacts industrial location.
92. Labor Availability - The availability of skilled and unskilled labor influences where industries are located, with many industries clustering in regions with cheap labor.
93. Energy Supply - Access to energy sources, such as electricity or natural gas, is crucial for industrial processes.
94. Transport Links - Access to roads, railways, ports, and airports is key for the distribution of goods and materials.
95. Market Accessibility - Proximity to markets where goods can be sold or consumed affects industrial location decisions.
96. Government Policies - Taxes, subsidies, and regulations influence where industries are set up, with governments encouraging industries in certain regions.
97. Environmental Factors - Climate, land availability, and natural disasters influence industrial location and the sustainability of operations.
98. Capital Investment - Availability of financial capital and investment opportunities plays a role in industrial location decisions.
99. Technological Infrastructure - Regions with advanced technological infrastructure are more likely to attract high-tech industries.
100. Political Stability - Countries with stable political environments attract more investment in industries, as risks are minimized.
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Distribution and Socio-Economic Importance of Industrialization

101. Global Industrial Distribution - Industrialization is heavily concentrated in regions such as North America, Europe, and East Asia, while parts of Africa and Latin America remain less industrialized.
102. Economic Growth and Industrialization - Industrialization is closely linked to economic growth, as it creates jobs, generates income, and drives technological innovation.
103. Urbanization and Industrialization - Industrial growth is often accompanied by urbanization, with more people moving to cities for jobs and better living standards.
104. Global Supply Chains - Industrialization has led to the development of global supply chains, where raw materials are sourced globally and products are sold worldwide.
105. Job Creation - Industries create direct and indirect employment, benefiting workers and local economies.
106. Improvement in Living Standards - Industrialization can raise living standards by providing access to better goods, services, and infrastructure.
107. Technological Advancements - Industrialization fosters innovation, improving technology and productivity across all sectors of the economy.
108. Increased Trade - Industrialization leads to the creation of goods for export, contributing to global trade and economic development.
109. Resource Utilization - Industrialization enables more efficient use of natural resources, promoting economic development and efficiency.
110. Environmental Impact of Industrialization - While industrialization promotes growth, it also leads to environmental degradation through pollution and resource depletion.
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Problems of Industrialization in Tropical Africa

111. Infrastructure Deficits - Tropical Africa faces challenges in transportation, electricity, and communication infrastructure, hindering industrial growth.
112. Political Instability - Political instability in some African countries creates an uncertain environment for industrial investment.
113. Dependency on Raw Materials - Many African countries remain dependent on raw material exports, limiting the development of diversified industries.
114. Environmental Degradation - Industrialization in Africa often comes at the expense of the environment, leading to deforestation, pollution, and resource depletion.
115. Limited Access to Capital - Lack of investment and financial resources makes it difficult for African countries to develop their industrial sectors.
116. Skills Shortage - Many African countries lack a skilled workforce to support advanced manufacturing and industrial activities.
117. Inadequate Technology - Limited access to modern technology hampers industrial efficiency and competitiveness in Africa.
118. Poor Governance - Corruption and ineffective government policies can impede industrial growth and hinder the development of necessary infrastructure.
119. Energy Shortages - Energy supply issues in many African countries create barriers to industrialization, as manufacturing requires reliable power sources.
120. Market Access Issues - Poor infrastructure and trade barriers can limit the ability of African manufacturers to access both regional and global markets.
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Transportation and Communication

121. Transportation - The movement of people, goods, and services across regions, essential for economic development and trade.
122. Road Transport - The most common and flexible form of transportation, especially in regions with well-developed road networks.
123. Rail Transport - Efficient for transporting bulk goods over long distances, commonly used in countries with extensive rail networks.
124. Air Transport - Important for fast travel over long distances, air transport is vital for global trade, tourism, and business.
125. Sea Transport - The most cost-effective method for transporting large quantities of goods globally, with international shipping playing a key role in world trade.
126. Pipeline Transport - A system for transporting liquids and gases, commonly used for oil, natural gas, and water.
127. Public Transportation - Systems that provide transportation for the general public, including buses, subways, and trams, essential for urban mobility.
128. Communication - The exchange of information, which is crucial for coordination and collaboration across industries and societies.
129. Telecommunication - The transmission of information over distances by electronic means, including phones, the internet, and satellite communication.
130. Postal Services - Traditional forms of communication, including the delivery of letters, packages, and printed materials.
131. Mass Media - Forms of communication designed to reach a wide audience, including newspapers, television, and radio.
132. Digital Communication - The use of internet-based tools like email, social media, and video conferencing for communication.
133. Mobile Communication - The use of mobile phones and devices to facilitate communication and information sharing.
134. Communication Technology - The technologies that enable modern communication systems, including broadband, 5G, and satellite networks.
135. Global Communication Networks - Networks that enable international communication, such as the internet and telecommunications infrastructure.
136. Transportation Infrastructure - The development of roads, railways, ports, and airports that support efficient transportation systems.
137. Impact of Communication on Economic Development - Efficient communication is crucial for business operations, education, and governance.
138. Challenges in Transportation - Transportation systems can face issues like congestion, pollution, and infrastructure deficits, especially in developing countries.
139. Role of Transportation in Trade - Efficient transportation reduces costs and time, enhancing the flow of goods between countries and continents.
140. Communication and Education - Communication technologies enable access to education, knowledge-sharing, and international collaboration.
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World Trade

141. World Trade - The exchange of goods and services across international borders, facilitating global economic growth.
142. Trade Barriers - Tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff barriers that can restrict international trade and affect global supply chains.
143. International Trade Agreements - Treaties and accords that govern trade between countries, such as NAFTA and the WTO agreements.
144. Export and Import - The exchange of goods and services from one country to another, with imports bringing in goods and exports providing domestic products to foreign markets.
145. Trade Routes - The paths along which goods are transported, including sea routes, air routes, and land corridors, essential for global trade.
146. Global Supply Chains - Networks of production, distribution, and consumption involving multiple countries and industries.
147. Trade Surplus - When a country exports more than it imports, contributing to positive economic growth.
148. Trade Deficit - When a country imports more than it exports, leading to a trade imbalance and potential economic issues.
149. Commodities - Raw materials and primary products traded globally, such as oil, agricultural products, and minerals.
150. Commodity Markets - Markets where raw materials and agricultural products are bought and sold, often determining global prices.
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Factors and Pattern of World Trade

151. Comparative Advantage - The economic theory that suggests countries should specialize in producing goods where they have a lower opportunity cost.
152. Factor Endowments - The resources a country has, including labor, capital, and natural resources, which influence its trade patterns.
153. Labor Costs - Countries with lower labor costs are competitive in industries like manufacturing, influencing trade patterns.
154. Transportation Costs - The cost of transporting goods influences trade routes and the competitiveness of international markets.
155. Technology and Innovation - Technological advances enable faster, cheaper production and transportation, facilitating trade.
156. Government Policies - Tariffs, subsidies, and regulations can either promote or restrict trade, affecting global trade patterns.
157. Trade Alliances - Groups of countries that agree to reduce trade barriers among themselves, such as the European Union and ASEAN.
158. Globalization - The increasing interconnection of global economies, markets, and trade systems due to advances in technology and communication.
159. Political Stability - Stable governments and institutions encourage trade by creating predictable and reliable conditions for investment and business.
160. Cultural Exchange - The movement of goods and ideas between countries leads to cultural and social influences, shaping global trade patterns.
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Major Commodities (Origin, Routes, and Destinations)

161. Oil - A major global commodity, with significant production in the Middle East, Russia, and the U.S., traded worldwide.
162. Gold - A precious metal primarily mined in countries like South Africa, Australia, and China, used for trade and investment.
163. Diamonds - A valuable commodity mined in countries like Botswana and Russia, with major destinations in the U.S. and Europe.
164. Coffee - A widely traded agricultural commodity, primarily grown in countries like Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia, exported globally.
165. Cocoa - The primary ingredient for chocolate, grown in West Africa and South America, and traded globally to major consumer markets.
166. Grain - Cereals like wheat, rice, and maize are major commodities traded globally, originating in countries like the U.S., Canada, and China.
167. Timber - A significant commodity from countries like Canada, Russia, and Brazil, traded for construction and manufacturing.
168. Livestock - Cattle, sheep, and poultry are key agricultural commodities, with significant production in countries like Brazil and Australia.
169. Textiles - Clothing and fabrics, particularly from developing countries in Asia, are major exports to Western markets.
170. Electronic Goods - High-tech products, including smartphones and computers, from countries like China, South Korea, and Japan, are traded globally.
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Tourism Definition

171. Tourism - The act of traveling for leisure, business, or recreation, involving the movement of people from their home locations to other places.
172. Inbound Tourism - Tourism that involves travelers coming into a country from other countries, generating foreign exchange and boosting the local economy.
173. Outbound Tourism - Tourism where residents of a country travel abroad, contributing to the economy of the destination country.
174. Domestic Tourism - Travel within one's own country, contributing to the local economy and promoting national heritage.
175. Eco-tourism - A form of tourism that focuses on sustainable travel, conservation, and appreciation of nature.
176. Adventure Tourism - Travel that involves exploration or travel to remote areas, such as mountain climbing, trekking, and safari tours.
177. Cultural Tourism - Traveling to experience the culture, history, and heritage of different regions and countries.
178. Medical Tourism - Travel to receive medical treatment, often in countries with specialized healthcare services at lower costs.
179. Religious Tourism - Travel for religious reasons, such as pilgrimages, which contribute to the local economy and cultural exchange.
180. Luxury Tourism - High-end travel experiences, including stays at luxury hotels, resorts, and exclusive destinations.
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Importance of Tourism

181. Economic Contribution - Tourism contributes significantly to the GDP of many countries through spending on accommodation, transport, food, and entertainment.
182. Job Creation - The tourism industry creates millions of jobs in sectors like hospitality, transportation, and entertainment.
183. Cultural Exchange - Tourism facilitates cultural exchange and mutual understanding between different communities and countries.
184. Infrastructure Development - Tourism often drives the development of infrastructure like roads, airports, hotels, and attractions.
185. Foreign Exchange Earnings - Many countries rely on tourism to earn foreign currency, which supports local economies.
186. Promotion of Local Businesses - Tourism supports local businesses, including restaurants, guides, and souvenir shops, boosting the local economy.
187. Environmental Conservation - Eco-tourism promotes the conservation of natural resources and habitats, raising awareness of environmental issues.
188. Social and Cultural Benefits - Tourism helps preserve local culture and traditions by creating demand for cultural heritage sites, performances, and arts.
189. Political Stability - In many regions, tourism plays a role in maintaining political stability by fostering international cooperation and understanding.
190. Regional Development - Tourism encourages the development of underdeveloped regions by creating economic opportunities and attracting investment.
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Location, Problems, and Solutions of Tourism

191. Tourism Locations - Popular tourist destinations include historical sites, natural wonders, and urban centers known for culture and entertainment.
192. Over-tourism - High volumes of tourists in specific locations can lead to overcrowding, environmental degradation, and the erosion of local culture.
193. Seasonality of Tourism - Many destinations experience peaks and valleys in tourism demand, with off-season periods leading to economic challenges for local businesses.
194. Cultural Displacement - Tourism can lead to the displacement of local communities or the commercialization of cultural practices.
195. Environmental Damage - Increased tourism can result in environmental issues such as waste generation, wildlife disturbance, and pollution.
196. Infrastructure Strain - Large numbers of tourists can strain local infrastructure, including roads, sewage systems, and power supplies.
197. Tourism Management - Sustainable tourism practices, such as regulating visitor numbers and promoting eco-tourism, can help reduce negative impacts.
198. Community Involvement - Involving local communities in tourism planning ensures that the benefits of tourism are shared and that local culture is preserved.
199. Tourism Taxation - Governments can use taxes on tourism activities to fund infrastructure improvements and environmental protection efforts.
200. Diversification of Tourism Products - Developing new types of tourism, such as adventure tourism, medical tourism, and eco-tourism, can help reduce the impacts of over-tourism.

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