Volcanism and Earthquake | Jamb(UTME) Geography

Volcanism and Earthquakes

1. Volcanism - The process by which molten rock, gases, and ash are expelled from the Earth's interior through fissures or volcanic vents.
2. Earthquakes - The shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by the release of energy stored in the Earth's crust due to tectonic movements.
3. Tectonic Plate Movement - Earthquakes and volcanic activity are often caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
4. Seismic Waves - Waves of energy that travel through the Earth, generated by an earthquake, including primary, secondary, and surface waves.
5. Subduction Zones - Areas where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, leading to volcanic activity and earthquakes.
6. Faults - Fractures in the Earth’s crust where earthquakes occur due to plate movement.
7. Rift Zones - Areas where tectonic plates are pulling apart, often leading to volcanic eruptions.
8. Convergent Boundaries - Tectonic plate boundaries where plates move toward each other, often causing earthquakes and volcanoes.
9. Divergent Boundaries - Tectonic plate boundaries where plates move apart, leading to volcanic activity.
10. Transform Boundaries - Tectonic plate boundaries where plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes but less frequent volcanic activity.
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Landforms Associated with Volcanic Activities

11. Volcanoes - Conical landforms formed by the accumulation of lava and ash from eruptions.
12. Calderas - Large, circular depressions formed when a volcano collapses after a major eruption.
13. Lava Plateaus - Flat, expansive areas formed by repeated lava flows that spread out evenly across the land.
14. Fissure Vents - Cracks in the Earth's surface from which lava erupts, often forming large lava fields.
15. Crater Lakes - Lakes formed in volcanic craters or calderas after a volcanic eruption.
16. Lava Domes - Steep-sided mounds formed by the extrusion of highly viscous lava.
17. Ash and Cinder Cones - Small, steep-sided volcanic cones formed from the accumulation of volcanic ash, cinders, and other volcanic debris.
18. Basalt Plateaus - Large, flat areas created from the eruption of basaltic lava, such as the Columbia River Plateau.
19. Hot Springs - Water heated by geothermal activity near volcanic areas, often resulting in the formation of hot springs.
20. Geothermal Features - Features like geysers and fumaroles that occur due to volcanic heat.
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Landforms of Igneous Rocks

21. Intrusive Igneous Rocks - Rocks formed from magma that cools slowly beneath the Earth's surface, such as granite.
22. Extrusive Igneous Rocks - Rocks formed from lava that cools quickly on the Earth's surface, such as basalt.
23. Dikes - Vertical intrusions of magma that cut across layers of rock, forming igneous features.
24. Sills - Horizontal intrusions of magma between layers of existing rock.
25. Batholiths - Large masses of intrusive igneous rock that have solidified deep within the Earth.
26. Laccoliths - Dome-shaped intrusions of magma that cause the overlying layers of rock to bulge upward.
27. Volcanic Neck - A landform that forms when the outer material of a volcano erodes, leaving behind a hardened core of volcanic material.
28. Pahoehoe Lava - Smooth, rope-like lava that forms when basaltic lava cools slowly.
29. A'a Lava - Rough, jagged lava that forms from faster cooling lava.
30. Obsidian - A type of igneous rock formed from rapidly cooled lava, resulting in a glassy texture.
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Origin and Types of Volcanoes

31. Volcano Formation - Volcanoes form when magma rises from the Earth's mantle and erupts onto the surface.
32. Shield Volcanoes - Large, broad volcanoes formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava.
33. Stratovolcanoes - Steep-sided volcanoes formed by alternating layers of solidified lava flows and volcanic ash.
34. Cinder Cone Volcanoes - Small, steep-sided volcanoes formed from the accumulation of volcanic debris like ash, cinders, and rock fragments.
35. Fissure Volcanoes - Volcanic eruptions that occur along cracks in the Earth's crust, often resulting in large lava plateaus.
36. Lava Domes - Small, steep-sided mounds formed by highly viscous lava that piles up near the eruption vent.
37. Caldera Volcanoes - Volcanoes that form from the collapse of a volcanic chamber after an explosive eruption.
38. Active Volcanoes - Volcanoes that have erupted recently or show signs of potential eruption.
39. Dormant Volcanoes - Volcanoes that have not erupted in recent history but may erupt in the future.
40. Extinct Volcanoes - Volcanoes that are no longer considered capable of erupting.
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Some Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes

41. Mount Vesuvius (79 AD) - Famous eruption that destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum in Italy.
42. Krakatoa (1883) - A catastrophic eruption in Indonesia, causing massive tsunamis and a global temperature drop.
43. Mount St. Helens (1980) - A major eruption in the United States that caused widespread destruction.
44. Mount Fuji (1707) - An eruption of Japan's famous Mount Fuji, causing ashfall across nearby regions.
45. Eyjafjallajökull (2010) - A volcanic eruption in Iceland that disrupted air travel across Europe.
46. Chile’s Valdivia Earthquake (1960) - The strongest earthquake ever recorded, with a magnitude of 9.5.
47. The Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) - A devastating earthquake in Japan, killing over 140,000 people.
48. Haiti Earthquake (2010) - A major earthquake that devastated Haiti, killing over 230,000 people.
49. Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami (2004) - A massive earthquake that triggered a tsunami affecting several countries, causing widespread destruction.
50. Sumatra Earthquake (2004) - A powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1 off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.
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Processes of Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes

51. Magma Movement - The process of molten rock rising toward the Earth’s surface due to tectonic forces.
52. Gas Emission - The release of gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide during volcanic eruptions.
53. Lava Flow - The movement of molten rock from a volcano during an eruption.
54. Pyroclastic Flow - A fast-moving mixture of hot gases, ash, and volcanic material that rushes down the slopes of a volcano during an explosive eruption.
55. Ash Clouds - Clouds of ash ejected during a volcanic eruption that can disrupt air travel and affect the climate.
56. Eruption Plumes - High columns of ash, gas, and steam released into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions.
57. Seismic Activity - The release of energy during an earthquake that causes the Earth's surface to shake.
58. Fault Slippage - The sudden movement along faults that triggers an earthquake.
59. Epicenter - The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake's origin.
60. Focus - The point within the Earth where the earthquake originates, also known as the hypocenter.
61. Aftershocks - Smaller tremors that follow a major earthquake, caused by the adjustment of the Earth’s crust.
62. Surface Rupture - The breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface during an earthquake.
63. Tsunamis - Massive ocean waves generated by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, often causing widespread flooding.
64. Earthquake Magnitude - The measure of the energy released during an earthquake, typically measured on the Richter scale.
65. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) - A scale that measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions based on volume of erupted materials.
66. Lahar - A type of mudflow formed from volcanic ash mixed with water, often caused by heavy rainfall following an eruption.
67. Seismic Waves - Energy waves from earthquakes that travel through the Earth, including P-waves (primary waves), S-waves (secondary waves), and surface waves.
68. Lava Fountains - Eruptions where lava is expelled into the air in a fountain-like manner due to high pressure.
69. Subduction and Earthquakes - The process of one tectonic plate being forced beneath another, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity.
70. Tectonic Stress - The forces that cause deformation and movement in the Earth's crust, leading to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
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Landforms Associated with Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes

71. Fault Scarps - Steep slopes formed by the movement of the Earth’s surface along fault lines.
72. Fissure Zones - Areas where cracks in the Earth's surface allow lava to erupt, forming vast lava fields.
73. Crater - A bowl-shaped depression formed at the summit of a volcano after an eruption.
74. Landslides - The downward movement of rock and soil, often triggered by volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.
75. Ocean Trenches - Deep, elongated depressions in the ocean floor formed by the subduction of tectonic plates.
76. Earthquake Fault Zones - Regions where large-scale fractures in the Earth’s crust are located, associated with seismic activity.
77. Lava Tubes - Natural tunnels formed by the flow of lava beneath a solidified surface.
78. Island Arcs - Chains of volcanic islands formed by subduction zones, such as the Japanese Archipelago.
79. Tsunami Deposits - Sediments left behind by the massive waves generated by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
80. Seismic Zones - Areas where earthquake activity is frequent due to the movement of tectonic plates.
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Examples of Major Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes

81. Mount Tambora (1815) - The eruption in Indonesia, one of the most powerful in recorded history, caused global cooling.
82. Mount Pinatubo (1991) - A major eruption in the Philippines that produced an ash cloud visible for thousands of miles.
83. Mount Etna (2000-present) - One of the most active volcanoes in the world, located on the island of Sicily, Italy.
84. Mount Taal (2020) - A Philippine volcano that erupted, causing widespread ashfall and evacuations.
85. The 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake - A magnitude 9.1 earthquake off the coast of Japan, causing a massive tsunami and nuclear disaster.
86. 1994 Northridge Earthquake - A powerful earthquake in California with significant destruction in the Los Angeles area.
87. Alaska Earthquake (1964) - A massive 9.2 magnitude earthquake in Alaska, causing widespread damage and tsunamis.
88. The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake - A 7.6 magnitude earthquake in Pakistan, causing tens of thousands of casualties.
89. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake - A devastating earthquake that caused severe damage to San Francisco and surrounding areas.
90. Mount Krakatua (1883) - The eruption in Indonesia was catastrophic, leading to one of the loudest sounds in history and significant tsunamis.
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Additional Key Points

91. Volcanic Ash - Fine particles ejected by volcanoes, which can cause health and aviation hazards.
92. Earthquake-resistant Structures - Buildings designed to withstand the shaking caused by earthquakes.
93. Seismograph - A device used to measure the intensity and duration of seismic waves.
94. Volcanic Lightning - A phenomenon occurring during explosive volcanic eruptions where lightning is generated by ash particles.
95. Geothermal Energy - The energy derived from heat beneath the Earth’s surface, often linked to volcanic activity.
96. Basaltic Lava - A type of lava that is relatively low in viscosity and forms smooth lava flows.
97. Andesitic Lava - Lava with a moderate viscosity, typically forming explosive eruptions.
98. Rhyolitic Lava - Highly viscous lava that leads to explosive volcanic eruptions.
99. Volcanic Gases - Gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide released during eruptions that can impact the atmosphere.
100. Seismic Hazard Zones - Areas that are identified as being at high risk for earthquakes due to their proximity to fault lines or plate boundaries.

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