Political Ideologies | Jamb Government

Communalism

1. Communalism is a socio-economic system where resources and properties are collectively owned by a community.
2. It is one of the earliest forms of social organization, often found in indigenous and tribal societies.
3. Decisions are made collectively, with little to no hierarchical leadership.
4. Goods and services are shared equally among community members.
5. There is no concept of private property, as all assets belong to the community.
6. The system thrives on cooperation rather than competition.
7. It ensures strong social cohesion, but can limit individual economic incentives.
8. Surpluses are typically redistributed based on communal needs rather than profit.
9. Examples of communal societies include early African, Native American, and some utopian communities.
10. The system struggles in large and complex societies due to administrative difficulties.
    
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Feudalism

11. Feudalism was a medieval socio-economic system based on land ownership and a strict hierarchical structure.
12. Society was divided into kings, nobles, knights, and peasants (serfs).
13. The king owned all the land and granted it to lords in exchange for military service.
14. Peasants worked the land for the lords and were bound to their estates.
15. Feudal economies were agricultural and self-sufficient.
16. Power was decentralized, with local lords holding significant autonomy.
17. Social mobility was almost nonexistent, as status was inherited.
18. Feudalism declined due to the rise of trade, capitalism, and stronger centralized states.
19. Feudal Japan and medieval Europe are historical examples of feudal societies.
20. The system was rigid but provided protection and order during unstable times.
    
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Capitalism

21. Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals own and control businesses, land, and capital.
22. Market competition determines prices, wages, and production.
23. The profit motive drives innovation and economic growth.
24. Capitalism encourages individual entrepreneurship and investment.
25. Governments play a limited role, mostly in regulation (in free-market capitalism).
26. Economic inequality is high, as wealth is accumulated by those with capital.
27. Supply and demand dictate economic activities.
28. Capitalism exists in various forms, including laissez-faire, welfare capitalism, and state capitalism.
29. Critics argue that it leads to social inequality and worker exploitation.
30. Examples of capitalist economies include the United States, Germany, and South Korea.
    
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Socialism

31. Socialism is an economic system where the state or community controls major industries and resources.
32. It aims to reduce wealth inequality by distributing resources equitably.
33. Public ownership of key industries (such as healthcare, education, and transport) is a major feature.
34. Some socialist models allow for limited private enterprise (e.g., market socialism).
35. Collective decision-making is emphasized in economic planning.
36. The government intervenes in pricing, wages, and production decisions.
37. Countries like Sweden and Norway use socialist principles in their welfare systems.
38. Socialism seeks to balance economic efficiency with social justice.
39. Critics argue it can lead to bureaucratic inefficiencies and reduced incentives.
40. It differs from communism, as it allows some private ownership and markets.
    
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Communism

41. Communism is a political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society.
42. Private property is abolished, and all means of production are owned by the community or the state.
43. The economy is centrally planned, with the government controlling production and distribution.
44. It was theorized by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto.
45. The state eventually withers away in the ultimate form of communism.
46. No social classes exist, eliminating economic inequality.
47. Critics argue communism leads to authoritarian rule and lack of personal freedoms.
48. Examples include the former Soviet Union, China under Mao Zedong, and Cuba.
49. Communism struggles with innovation and economic efficiency due to lack of incentives.
50. It seeks to replace capitalism through revolution and proletariat rule.
    
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Totalitarianism

51. Totalitarianism is a political system where a single party or leader exercises total control over society.
52. No opposition is allowed, and civil liberties are severely restricted.
53. The government controls media, education, and the economy.
54. Surveillance and propaganda are common tools of control.
55. Examples include Nazi Germany, Stalinist USSR, and North Korea.
56. The system is highly militarized and suppresses dissent.
57. It prioritizes state ideology over individual freedoms.
58. Secret police forces ensure compliance through fear.
59. It often emerges during times of crisis or instability.
60. Totalitarianism contrasts with democracy, where multiple political parties exist.
    
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Fascism

61. Fascism is an extreme nationalist ideology that promotes dictatorial rule.
62. It emphasizes state supremacy over individual rights.
63. Fascist leaders focus on militarization and expansionism.
64. Benito Mussolini in Italy is the most notable fascist leader.
65. One-party rule is enforced, with opposition brutally suppressed.
66. It thrives on mass propaganda and cult of personality.
67. Private enterprise is allowed, but must align with state interests.
68. Nationalism and racial superiority are key elements.
69. Fascism opposed both communism and liberal democracy.
70. It collapsed in World War II but remains influential in some movements.
    
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Nazism

71. Nazism was a fascist ideology that emerged in Germany under Adolf Hitler.
72. It promoted Aryan racial superiority and anti-Semitism.
73. The Nazi Party ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
74. The regime was totalitarian, militaristic, and expansionist.
75. Concentration camps and genocide were key atrocities.
76. Economic policies focused on war production and autarky.
77. Hitler’s dictatorship suppressed opposition and free speech.
78. The Nuremberg Laws persecuted Jews and minorities.
79. Nazism collapsed after World War II in 1945.
80. It remains a symbol of extreme right-wing authoritarianism.
    
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Distinguishing Between Political Ideologies

81. Capitalism supports private ownership, while socialism and communism advocate for state control.
82. Fascism and Nazism are authoritarian, while socialism and democracy support some public freedoms.
83. Feudalism was medieval, while capitalism replaced it during industrialization.
84. Totalitarianism eliminates opposition, while democracy encourages pluralism.
85. Communalism is egalitarian, while feudalism is hierarchical.
86. Socialism allows markets, while communism abolishes them.
87. Nazism was racist, while fascism focused on nationalism.
88. Capitalism promotes inequality, while socialism aims for fairness.
89. Feudalism relies on land, while capitalism depends on industry.
90. Totalitarian states limit personal freedoms, while democracies protect them.

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