Biology syllabus for Jamb

SECTION A: Jamb syllabus for Biology - Variety of Organisms

1. Living Organisms

• Characteristics
• Cell structure and functions of cell
• Level of organization:

1. Cell e.g euglena and paramecium
2. Tissue e.g epithelial tissues and hydrocarbons
3. Organ e.g oinon bulb
4. Systems e.g reproductive, digestive and excretory
5. Organisms e.g Chlamydomonas
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2. Evolution among the following:

• Monera (prokaryotes), e.g. bacteria and blue green algebra
• Protista (protozoans and protophyta), e.g Amoeba, Euglena and Paramecium.
• Fungi e.g. Mushroom and Rhizopus
• Plantae (Plants):

1. thallophyta (e.g Spirogyra)
2. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts) e.g. Brachmenium and Merchantia
3. Pteridophyta (ferns) e.g. Dryopteris
4. Spermatophyta (Gmnospermae and Angiospermae):

• Gymnosperms e.g Cyads and conifers.
• Angiosperms (monocots, e.g. maize; dicots, e.g. Water leaf)
• Animalia(animals):

1. Invertebrates:

• coelenterate e.g hydrocarbons
• Platyhelminthes flatworm e.g Taenia
• Nematoda (roundworms)
• Annelida e.g earthworm
• Arthropoda e.g mosquito, cockroach, housefly, bee, butterfly
• Mollusca e.g snails

2. Multicellular animals (vertebrates):

• Pisces (cartilaginous and bony fish)
• Amphibia e.g toads and frogs
• Reptilia e.g lizards, snakes and trutles
• Aves (birds)
• Mammalia (mammals)
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Structural/functional and behavioural adaptations of organisms:

• Adaptive colouration and its functions
• Behavioural adaptations in social animals
• Structural adaptations in organisms
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SECTION B: Jamb syllabus for Biology - Form and Functions

1. Internal structure of plants and animals

• Internal structure of a flowering plants:

1. Root
2. Stem
3. Leaf

• Internal structure of a mammals
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2. Nutrition

• Modes of nutrition:

1. Autotrophic
2. Heterotrophic

• Types of Nutrition
• Plant nutrition:

1. Photosynthesis
2. Chemosynthesis
3. Mineral requirements (macro and micro-nutrients)

• Animal nutrition:

1. Classes of food substances; carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins, mineral salts and water
2. Food tests (e.g. Starch, reducing sugar, protein, oil, fat etc)
3. The mammalian tooth (structures, types and functions)
4. Mammalian alimentary cardinal
5. Nutrition process (ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of digested food)
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3. Transport

• Need for transportation
• Materials for transportation (Excretory products, gases, manufactured food, digested food, nutrient, water and hormones)
• Channels for transportation:

1. Mammalian circulatory system (heart, arteries, vein and capillaries)
2. Plant vascular system (phloem and xylem)

• Media and processes of mechanism for transportation
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4. Respiration

• Respiratory organs and Surfaces
• The mechanism of gaseous exchange in:

1. Plants
2. animals

• Aerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic Respiration
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Excretion

• Types of excretory structures:Contractile vacuole, flame cell, nephridium, Malpighian tubule, Kidney, Stoma and lenticel.
• Excretory mechanisms:

1. Kidneys
2. Lungs
3. Skin

• Excretory products of plants
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6. Support and movement

• Tropic, tactic, nastic and sleep movements in plants
• Supporting tissues in animals
• Types and functions of the skeleton:

1. Exoskeleton
2. Endoskeleton
3. Functions of the skeleton in animals
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7. Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction:

1. Fission (e.g. Paramecium)
2. Budding (e.g. yeast)
3. Natural vegetative propagation
4. Artificial vegetative propagation

• Sexual reproduction in Flowering plants:

1. Floral parts and their function
2. Pollination and fertilization
3. Products of sexual reproduction

• Reproduction in mammals:

1. Structures and functions of the male and female reproductive organs
2. Fertilization and development (Fusion of gametes)
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8. Growth

• Meaning of growth
• Germination of seeds and condition necessary for germination of seeds
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9. Co-ordination and control

• Nervous coordination:

1. The components, structure and functions of the central nervous system
2. The components and functions of the peripheral nervous system
3. Mechanism of transmission of impulses
4. Reflex action

• The sense organs:

1. Skin (tactile)
2. Nose (olfactory)
3. Tongue (taste)
4. Eye (sight)
5. Ear ( auditory)

• Hormonal control:

1. Animal hormonal system (Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pancrease, gonads)
2. Plant hormones (phytohormones)

• Homeostasis

1. Body temperature regulations
2. Salt and water regulation
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SECTION C: Jamb syllabus for Biology - Ecology

1. Factors affecting the distribution of Organisms

1. Abiotic
2. Biotic
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Symbiotic interaction of plants and animals

• Energy flow in the ecosystem: food chains, food webs and trophic levels
• Nutrient cycling in nature:

1. Carbon cycle
2. Water cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle
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3. Natural Habitats

• Aquatic (e.g. ponds, streams, lakes, seashores and mangrove swamps)
• Terrestrial/arboreal (e.g. tree-tops, abandoned farmland or a dry grassy (savnna) field, and borrow or hole)
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4. Local (Nigerian) Biomes

• Tropical rainforest
• Guinea savanna (southern and northern)
• Sudan savanna
• Desert
• Highlands of montane forests and grasslands of the Obudu-, Jos-, Mambilla - Plateaus.
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5. The Ecology of populations

• Population density and overcrowding
• Adaptation for survival:

1. Factors that bring about competition
2. Intra and inter-specific competition
3. Relationship between competition and succession

• Factors affecting population sizes:

1. Biotic (food, pest, disease, predation, competition and reproductive ability)
2. Abiotic (temperature, space, light, rainfall, topography, pressure, PH) etc.

• Ecological succession:

1. Primary succession
2. Secondary succession
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6. Soil

• Characteristics of different types of soil (sandy, loamy, clayey):

1. Soil structure
2. Porosity, capillarity and humus content

• Components of the soil

1. Inorganic
2. Organic
3. Soil air
4. Soil water

• Soil fertility:

1. Loss of soil fertility
2. renewal and maintenance of soil fertility
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7. Humans and Environment

• Diseases:

1. Common and endemic Diseases
2. Easily transmissible diseases and disease syndrome such as: poliomyelitis, cholera, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases/syndrome (gonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, etc)

• Pollution and its control:

1. Sources, types, effects and methods of control
2. Sanitation and sewage

• Conservation of Natural Resources
• Game reserves and National parks
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SECTION D: Jamb syllabus for Biology - Heredity and Variations

1. Variation in Population

• Morphological variations in the physical appearance of individuals:

1. Size (height and weight)
2. Colour (skin, eye, hair, coat of animals, scales and feathers)
3. Fingerprints

• Physiological variation:

1. Ability to roll Tongue
2. Ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
3. Blood groups

• Application of discontinuous variation in crime detection, blood transfusion and determination of paternity
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2. Heredity

• Inheritance of characters in organisms:

1. Heritable characters
2. Non-heritable characters

• Chromosomes- the basis of heredity

1. Structure
2. Process of transmission of hereditary characters from parents to offsprings
3. Probability in genetics and sex determination
4. Application of the principles of heredity in: (i) Agriculture (ii) Medicine

• Sex - linked character e.g. baldness, haemophilia, colour blindness, etc
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SECTION E: Jamb syllabus for Biology - Evolution

1. Theories of evolution:

1. Lamarck's theory
2. Darwin's theory
3. Organic theory
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Evidence of evolution

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