Chemistry syllabus for Jamb

Jamb syllabus for Chemistry topic 1 to 5

1. Separation of Mixtures and Purification of Chemical substances

• pure and impure substances
• boiling and melting points
• elements, compounds and mixtures
• chemical and physical changes
• separation processes: Evaporation, simple and fractional distillation, sublimation, filtration crystallization, paper and column chromatography, simple and fractional crystalization, magnetization, decantation
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2. Chemical Combinations

3. Kinetic Theory of Matter and Gas Laws

• Phenomena to support the kinetic theory of matter using

1. melting
2. vapourization
3. boiling
4. freezing
5. condensation in terms of molecular motion and Brownian movement

• 1. The laws of Boyle, Charles, Graham and Dalton (law of partial pressure) combined gas law, molar volume and atomicity of gases.
  2. The ideal gas equation (PV = nRT)
  3. The relationship between vapour density of gases and the relative molecular mass
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4. Atomic Structure and Bonding

• 1. The concepts of atoms, molecules and ions, the works of Dalton, Millikan, Rutherford, Moseley, Thomson and Bohr

2. Atomic structure, electron configuration, atomic number, mass number and isotopes, specific examples should be drawn from elements of atomic number 1 to 20
3. Shapes of s and p orbitals

• The periodic table and periodicity of elements, presentation of the periodic table with a view to recognizing families of elements e.g alkali metals, halogens, the noble gases and transition metals. The variation of the following properties: ionization energy, ionic radii, electron affinity and electronegativity.
• Chemical bonding. Electrovalency and covalency, the electron configuratoin of elements and their tendency to attain the noble gas structure. Hydrogen bonding and metallic bonding as special types of electrovalency and covalency respectively; coordinate bond as a type of covalent bond as illustrated by complexes like ${[Fe{(CN)}_6]}^{3-}$, ${[Fe{(CN)}_6]}^{4-}$, ${[Cu{({NH}_3)}_4]}^{3-}$ and ${[Ag{({NH}_3)}_2]}^{3-}$, van der Waals' forces should be mentioned as a special type of bonding forces.
• Shapes of simple molecules: linear $(H_2, O_2, {Cl}_2, HCl and {Co}_2)$, non-linear $(H_2O)$, tetrahedral; $({CH}_4)$ and pyramidal $({NH}_3)$.
• Nuclear Chemistry:
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1. Radioactivity-Types and properties of radiations
2. Nuclear reactions. Simple equations. Uses and applications of natural and artificial radioactivity
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5. air

• The natural gaseous constituents and their proportion in the air. Nitrogen, Oxygen, water vapour, carbon (IV) oxide and the noble gases (argon and neon)
• Air as a mixture and some uses of the noble gas
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Jamb syllabus for Chemistry topic 6 to 10

6. Water

• Water as a product of the combustion of hydrogen and its composition by volume
• Water as a solvent, atospheric gases dissolved in water and their biological significance
• Hard and soft water: Temporary and permanent hardness and methods of softening hard water
• Treatment of water fro town supply
• Water of crystallization, efflorescence, deliquescence and hhgroscopy. Example of the substances exhibiting these properties and their uses
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7. Solubility

• Unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions. Solubility curves and simple deductions from them, (solubility defined in terms of mole per ${dm}^3$) and simple calculations
• Solvents for fats, oil and paints and the use of such solvents for the removal of situations
• True and False solutions (Suspensions and colloids): Properties and examples. Harmattan haze and water paints as
  examples of suspensions and fog, milk, aerosol spray, emulsion paints and rubber solution as examples of colloids
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8. Environmental Pollution

• Sources and effects of pollutants.
• Air pollution: Examples of air pollutants such as H2S, CO, SO2, oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons and dust.
• Water pollution Sewage and oil pollution should be known.
• Soil pollution: Oil spillage, biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.
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9 Acids, Bases and Salts

• General characteristics, properties and uses of acids, bases and salts. Acids/base indicators, basicity of acids, normal, acidic, basic and double salts. An acid defined as a substance whose aqueous solution frunishes $H_3O^+$ ions or as a proton donor. Ethanoic, citric and tartaric acids as examples of naturally occuring organic acids, alums as examples of of double salts, preparation of salts by neutralization, precipitation and action of acids on metals. Oxides and trioxocarbonate (Iv) salts.
• Qualitative comparison of the conductance of molar solutions of strong and weak acids and bases, relationship between conductance and amount of ions present
• pH and pOH scale; Simple calculations
• Acid/base titrations
• Hydrolysis of salts: Simple examples such as ${NH}_4Cl$, ${AlCl}_3$, ${Na}_2{CO}_3$ and ${CH}_3{COONa}$
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10. Oxidation and Reduction- Redox

• Oxidation in terms of the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen
• Reduction as removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen
• Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer
• Use of oxidation numbers. Oxidation and reduction treated as change in oxidation number and use of oxidation numbers in balancing simple equations
• IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds using oxidation number
• Tests for oxidizing and reducing agents
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Jamb syllabus for Chemistry topic 11 to 15

Electrolysis

• Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Faraday's laws of electrolysis
• (i) Electrolysis of dilute $H_2{SO}_4$, aqueous $Cu{SO}_4$, $Cu{Cl}_2$ solution, dilute and concentrated NaCl solutions and fused Nacl (ii) Factors affecting discharge of ions at the electrodes
• Uses of elecrolysis: Purification of metals e.g copper and production of elements and compounds (Al, Na, $O_2$, ${Cl}_2$ and NaOH).
• Electrochemical cells: Electrochemical series (K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au,) half-cell reactions and electrode potentials (Simple calculations only)
• Corrosion as an electrolytic process, cathodic protection of metals, painting, electroplating and coating with grease or oil as ways of preventing iron from corrosion
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12. Energy changes

• Energy changes accompanying physical and chemical changes: dissolution of substances in/or reaction with water e.g Na, NaOH, K, ${HH}_4Cl$. Endothermic and exothermic reaction
• Entropy as an order-disorder phenomenon: simple illustrations like mixing of gases and dissolution of salts.
• Spontaneity of reaction: ${\Delta}G = 0$ as a cirterion for equilibrium ${\Delta}G$ Greater or less than zero as a criterion for non-spontaneity or spontaneity respectively
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13. Rates of Chemical Reaction

• Elementary treatment of the following factors which can change the rate or a chemical reaction: (i) Temperature e.g the reaction between HCl and ${Na}_2{S}_2{O}_3$ or Mg and HCl(ii) concentration/pressure e.g. the reaction between HCL ${Na}_2{S}_2{O}_3$, HCl and marble and the iodine clock reaction for gaseous systems, pressure may be used as concentration term (iii) Surface area e.g the reaction between marble and HCl with marble in powdered form, lumps of the same mass (iv) Catalyst e.g the decomposition of $H_{2}O_{2}$ or ${KClO}_3$in the presence or absence of ${MnO}_2$
• Reaction rate curves
• Activation energy: Qualitative treatment of Arrhenius' law and the collision theory, effect of light on some reactions e.g halogenation of alkanes
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14. Chemical Equilibra

Non-metals and their compounds

• Hydrogen: commercial production from water gas and cracking of petroleum fractions, laboratory preparation, properties, uses and test for hydrogen
• Halogens: chlorine as a representative element of the halogen. Laboratory preparation, industrial preparation by electrolysis, properties and uses, e.g. water sterilization, bleaching, manufacture of HCL, plastics and insectides
• Hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid: preparation and properties. Chlorides and test for Chlorides
• Oxygen and Sulphur:
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1. Oxygen: Laboratory preparation, properties and uses. Commercial production from liquid air. Oxides: Acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral, trioxygen (ozone) as an allotrope and the importance of ozone in the atmosphere.
2. Sulphur: Uses and allotropes: preparation of allotropes is not expected. Preparation, properties and uses of Sulphur (IV) oxide, the reaction ${SO}_2$ with alkalis. Trioxosulphate (IV) acid and its salts, the effect of acids on salts of trioxosulphate (IV), Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid: commercial preparation (contact process only), properties as a dilute acid, an oxidizing and a dehydrating agents and uses. Test for ${SO}^2-_4$. Hydrogen sulphide: Preparation and properties as a weak acid, reducing and precipitating agents. Test for $S^{2-}$

• Nitrogen: (i) laboratory preparation (ii) Production from liquidair (iii) Ammonia: Laboratory and industrial preparations (Haber Process only), properties and uses, ammonium salts and their uses, oxidation of ammonia to Nitrogen (IV) oxide and trioxonitrate (V) acid. Test for ${NH}^{+}_{4}$ (iv) Trioxonitrate (V) acid: laboratory preparation from ammonia; properties and uses. Trioxonitrate (V) salt-action of heat and uses. Test for ${NO}^{-}_{3}$ (v) Oxides of nitrogen: properties. The nitrogen cycle
• Carbon: (i) Allotropes: uses and properties (ii) Carbon (IV) oxide: Laboratory preparation, properties and uses. Action of heat on trioxocarbonate (IV) salts and test for ${CO}^{2-}_{3}$ (iii) Carbon (II) oxide:Laboratory preparation, properties including its effect on blood; sources of carbon (II) oxide to include charcoal, fire and exhaust fumes (iv) coal: different types, products obtained from destructive distillation of wood and coal (v) Coke: Gasification and uses. Manufacture of synthesis gas and uses
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Metals and their compounds

• General properties of metals
• Alkali metals e.g sodium (i) Sodium hydroxide; production by electrolysis of brine, its action on aluminium, zinc and lead ions. Uses including precipitation of metallic hydroxides (ii) Sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) and sodium hydrogen trioxocarbonate (IV): production by Solvay process, properties and uses, e.g, ${Na}_2{CO}_3$ in the manufacture of glass (iii) sodium chloride: its occurrence in sea water and uses, the economic importance of sea water and the recovery of sodium chloride.
• Alkaline-earth metals, e.g calcium; calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium trioxocarbonate (IV); properties and uses. Preparation of calcium oxide from sea shells, the chemical composition of cement and the setting of mortar. Test for ${Ca}^{2+}$
• Aluminium: purification of bauxite, electrolytic extraction, properties and uses of aluminium and its compounds Test for ${Al}^{3+}$
• Tin: Extraction from its ores. Properties and uses
• Metals of the first transition series. Characteristic properties: (i) electron configuration (ii) oxidation states (iii) complex ion formation (iv) formation of coloured ions (v) catalysis
• Iron: Extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses, different forms of iron and their properties and advantages of steel over iron. Test for ${Fe}^{2+}$ and ${Fe}^{3+}$
• Copper: Extraction from sulphide and oxide ores, properties and uses of copper. Preparation and uses of copper. Preparation and uses of copper (II). Tetraoxosulphate (VI). Test for ${Cu}^{2+}$ (i) Alloy: steel, stainless steel brass, bronze, type-metal, duralumin, soft solder, permallory and alnico (constituents and uses only)
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17. Organic Compounds

• Aliphatic hydrocarbons (i) Alkanes; Homologous series in relation to physical properties, substitution reaction and a few examples and uses of halogenated products. Isomerism: structural only (examples on isomerism should not go beyond six carbon atoms)
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  Petroleum: composition, fractional distillation and major products; cracking and reforming, petrochemicals - starting
  materials of organic syntheses, quality of petrol and meaning of octane number (ii) Alkenes. Isomerism: structural and
  geometric isomerism, additional and polymerization reactions, polythene and synthetic rubber as examples of products of polymerization and its use in vulcanization (iii) Alkynes. Ethyne- production from action of water on carbides, simple reactions and properties of Ethyne
• Aromatic hydrocarbons e.g benzene structure, properties and uses
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• Alkanols. Primary, secondary, tertiary - production of ethanol by fermentation and from petroleum by products. Local examples of fermentation and distillation, e.g gin from palm wine and other local sources and glycerol as a polyhydric alkanol. Reactions of OH group- oxidation as a distinguishing test among primary, secondary and tertiary alkanols (Lucas test).
• Alkanals and alkanones. Chemical test to distinguish between alkanols and alkanones
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• Alkanoic acids. Chemical reactions; neutralization and esterification, ethanedioic (oxalic) acid as an example of a dicarboxylic acid and benzene carboxylic acid as an example of an aromatic acid
• Alkanoates. Formation from alkanoic acids and alkanols - fats and oils as alkanoates. Saponification: production of soap and margarine from alkanoates and distinction beteen detergents and soaps
• Amines (Alkanamines) Primary, secondary, and tertiary
• Carbohydratesf
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  Classification - mono-, di- and polysaccharide; composition, chemical tests for simple sugars and reaction with concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. Hydrolysis of complex sugars e.g cellulose from cotton and starch in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceutials and textiles.
• Proteins: Primary structures, hydrolysis and tests (Ninhydrin, Biuret, Millon's and xanthoproteic) Enzymes and their functions
• Polymers: Natural and synthetic rubber; addition and condensation polymerization. Methods of preparation, examples and uses. thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics
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Chemistry and Industry

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